Transgenic Plants Comprising as Transgene a Class I TCP or Clavata 1 (CLV1) or CAH3 Polypeptide Having Increased Seed Yield and a Method for Making the Same

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates generally to the field of molecular biology and concerns a method for enhancing various economically important yield-related traits in plants. More specifically, the present invention concerns a method for enhancing various economically important yield-related traits in plants relative to control plants, by increasing expression in a plant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Yield-Enhancing Polypeptide (YEP). The YEP may be a Class I TCP or a CAH3 or a Clavata1 (CLV1) polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain. The present invention also concerns plants having increased expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a YEP, which plants have enhanced yield-related traits in plants relative to control plants. The invention also provides constructs useful in the methods of the invention.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.12/515,852, filed Jun. 15, 2009, which is a national stage application(under 35 U.S.C. §371) of PCT/EP2007/062720, filed Nov. 22, 2007, whichclaims benefit of European application 06124785.4, filed Nov. 24, 2006,European Application 06125156.7, filed Nov. 30, 2006, EuropeanApplication 06126018.8, filed Dec. 13, 2006, U.S. ProvisionalApplication 60/868,381, filed Dec. 4, 2006, U.S. Provisional Application60/883,166, filed Jan. 3, 2007, and U.S. Provisional Application60/883,170, filed Jan. 3, 2007. The entire content of eachabove-mentioned application is hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

The Sequence Listing associated with this application is filed inelectronic format via EFS-Web and hereby incorporated by reference intothe specification in its entirety. The name of the text file containingthe Sequence Listing is Sequence_Listing_(—)32279_(—)00053. The size ofthe text file is 551 KB, and the text file was created on Nov. 21, 2012.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of molecularbiology and concerns a method for enhancing various economicallyimportant yield-related traits in plants. More specifically, the presentinvention concerns a method for enhancing various economically importantyield-related traits in plants relative to control plants, by increasingexpression in a plant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding aYield-Enhancing Polypeptide (YEP). The YEP may be a Class I TCP or aCAH3 or a Clavata1 (CLV1) polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminaldomain. The present invention also concerns plants having increasedexpression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a YEP, which plants haveenhanced yield-related traits in plants relative to control plants. Theinvention also provides constructs useful in the methods of theinvention.

The ever-increasing world population and the dwindling supply of arableland available for agriculture fuels research towards increasing theefficiency of agriculture. Conventional means for crop and horticulturalimprovements utilise selective breeding techniques to identify plantshaving desirable characteristics. However, such selective breedingtechniques have several drawbacks, namely that these techniques aretypically labour intensive and result in plants that often containheterogeneous genetic components that may not always result in thedesirable trait being passed on from parent plants. Advances inmolecular biology have allowed mankind to modify the germplasm ofanimals and plants. Genetic engineering of plants entails the isolationand manipulation of genetic material (typically in the form of DNA orRNA) and the subsequent introduction of that genetic material into aplant. Such technology has the capacity to deliver crops or plantshaving various improved economic, agronomic or horticultural traits.

A trait of particular economic interest is increased yield. Yield isnormally defined as the measurable produce of economic value from acrop. This may be defined in terms of quantity and/or quality. Yield isdirectly dependent on several factors, for example, the number and sizeof the organs, plant architecture (for example, the number of branches),seed production, leaf senescence and more. Root development, nutrientuptake, stress tolerance and early vigour may also be important factorsin determining yield. Optimizing the abovementioned factors maytherefore contribute to increasing crop yield.

The ability to increase plant yield would have many applications inareas such as agriculture, including in the production of ornamentalplants, arboriculture, horticulture and forestry. Increasing yield mayalso find use in the production of algae for use in bioreactors (for thebiotechnological production of substances such as pharmaceuticals,antibodies or vaccines, or for the bioconversion of organic waste) andother such areas.

Depending on the end use, the modification of certain yield traits maybe favoured over others. For example, for applications such as forage orwood production, or bio-fuel resource, an increase in the vegetativeparts of a plant may be desirable, and for applications such as flour,starch or oil production, an increase in seed parameters may beparticularly desirable. Even amongst the seed parameters, some may befavoured over others, depending on the application. Various mechanismsmay contribute to increasing seed yield, whether that is in the form ofincreased seed size or increased seed number.

Seed yield is a particularly important trait, since the seeds of manyplants are important for human and animal nutrition. Crops such as,corn, rice, wheat, canola and soybean account for over half the totalhuman caloric intake, whether through direct consumption of the seedsthemselves or through consumption of meat products raised on processedseeds. They are also a source of sugars, oils and many kinds ofmetabolites used in industrial processes. Seeds contain an embryo (thesource of new shoots and roots) and an endosperm (the source ofnutrients for embryo growth during germination and during early growthof seedlings). The development of a seed involves many genes, andrequires the transfer of metabolites from the roots, stalks, leaves andstems into the growing seed. The endosperm, in particular, assimilatesthe metabolic precursors of carbohydrates, oils and proteins andsynthesizes them into storage macromolecules to fill out the grain.

Another important trait for many crops is early vigour. Improving earlyvigour is an important objective of modern rice breeding programs inboth temperate and tropical rice cultivars. Long roots are important forproper soil anchorage in water-seeded rice. Where rice is sown directlyinto flooded fields, and where plants must emerge rapidly through water,longer shoots are associated with vigour. Where drill-seeding ispracticed, longer mesocotyls and coleoptiles are important for goodseedling emergence. The ability to engineer early vigour into plantswould be of great importance in agriculture. For example, poor earlyvigour has been a limitation to the introduction of maize (Zea mays L.)hybrids based on Corn Belt germplasm in the European Atlantic.

A further important trait is that of improved abiotic stress tolerance.Abiotic stress is a primary cause of crop loss worldwide, reducingaverage yields for most major crop plants by more than 50% (Wang et al.,Planta (2003) 218: 1-14). Abiotic stresses may be caused by drought,salinity, extremes of temperature, chemical toxicity and oxidativestress. The ability to improve plant tolerance to abiotic stress wouldbe of great economic advantage to farmers worldwide and would allow forthe cultivation of crops during adverse conditions and in territorieswhere cultivation of crops may not otherwise be possible.

Another economically important trait is that of increased biomass. Plantbiomass is yield for forage crops like alfalfa, silage corn and hay.Many proxies for yield have been used in grain crops. Chief amongstthese are estimates of plant size. Plant size can be measured in manyways depending on species and developmental stage, but include totalplant dry weight, above-ground dry weight, above-ground fresh weight,leaf area, stem volume, plant height, rosette diameter, leaf length,root length, root mass, tiller number and leaf number. Many speciesmaintain a conservative ratio between the size of different parts of theplant at a given developmental stage. These allometric relationships areused to extrapolate from one of these measures of size to another (e.g.Tittonell et al 2005 Agric Ecosys & Environ 105: 213). Plant size at anearly developmental stage will typically correlate with plant size laterin development. A larger plant with a greater leaf area can typicallyabsorb more light and carbon dioxide than a smaller plant and thereforewill likely gain a greater weight during the same period (Fasoula &Tollenaar 2005 Maydica 50:39). This is in addition to the potentialcontinuation of the micro-environmental or genetic advantage that theplant had to achieve the larger size initially. There is a stronggenetic component to plant size and growth rate (e.g. ter Steege et al2005 Plant Physiology 139:1078), and so for a range of diverse genotypesplant size under one environmental condition is likely to correlate withsize under another (Hittalmani et al 2003 Theoretical Applied Genetics107:679). In this way a standard environment is used as a proxy for thediverse and dynamic environments encountered at different locations andtimes by crops in the field.

Harvest index, the ratio of seed yield to aboveground dry weight, isrelatively stable under many environmental conditions and so a robustcorrelation between plant size and grain yield can often be obtained(e.g. Rebetzke et al 2002 Crop Science 42:739). These processes areintrinsically linked because the majority of grain biomass is dependenton current or stored photosynthetic productivity by the leaves and stemof the plant (Gardener et al 1985 Physiology of Crop Plants. Iowa StateUniversity Press, pp 68-73). Therefore, selecting for plant size, evenat early stages of development, has been used as an indicator for futurepotential yield (e.g. Tittonell et al 2005 Agric Ecosys & Environ 105:213). When testing for the impact of genetic differences on stresstolerance, the ability to standardize soil properties, temperature,water and nutrient availability and light intensity is an intrinsicadvantage of greenhouse or plant growth chamber environments compared tothe field. However, artificial limitations on yield due to poorpollination due to the absence of wind or insects, or insufficient spacefor mature root or canopy growth, can restrict the use of thesecontrolled environments for testing yield differences. Therefore,measurements of plant size in early development, under standardizedconditions in a growth chamber or greenhouse, are standard practices toprovide indication of potential genetic yield advantages.

One approach to increasing yield (seed yield and/or biomass) in plantsmay be through modification of the inherent growth mechanisms of aplant, such as the cell cycle or various signalling pathways involved inplant growth or in defense mechanisms.

It has now been found that various yield-related traits may be improvedin plants by modulating expression in a plant of a nucleic acid encodinga Yield-Enahancing Polypeptide (YEP) in a plant, wherein the YEP iseither a Class I TCP or a CAH3 or a Clavata1 (CLV1) polypeptide with anon-functional C-terminal domain.

BACKGROUND TCP

Transcription factors are usually defined as proteins that showsequence-specific DNA binding affinity and that are capable ofactivating and/or repressing transcription. The Arabidopsis thalianagenome codes for at least 1533 transcriptional regulators, accountingfor ˜5.9% of its estimated total number of genes (Riechmann et al.(2000) Science 290: 2105-2109). The TCP family of transcription factorsis named after its first characterized members (teosinte-branched1(TB1), cycloidea (CYC) and PCNA factor (PCF); Cubas P et al. (1999)Plant J 18(2): 215-22). In Arabidopsis thaliana, more than 20 members ofthe TCP family polypeptides have been identified, and classified basedon sequence similarity in the TCP domain into Class I (also called GroupI or PCF group) transcription factors that positively regulate geneexpression, and Class II (also called Group II or CYC-TB1 group)transcription factors that negatively regulate proliferation. All TCPtranscription factors are characterized by a non-canonical predictedbasic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH), that is required for both DNA binding andhomo- and hetero-dimerization (see Cubas et al. above).

One Class I TCP polypeptide, AtTCP20 (also named PCF1 orthologue), bindsto the promoter of cell cycle and ribosomal protein genes, as reportedin Li et al. (2005) PNAS 102(36): 12978-83). International PatentApplication WO0036124 provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding a ClassI TCP polypeptide (named VBDBP) and the corresponding polypeptidesequence. Expression vectors and transgenic plants comprising theaforementioned VBDBP nucleic acid sequence are described. InInternational Patent Application WO2004031349, transgenic Arabidopsisthaliana plants overexpressing (using a 35CaMV promoter) a nucleic acidsequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide (named G1938) arecharacterized. Retarded plant growth rate and development are observed.

CAH3

Carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reversible reaction H₂CO₃⇄H₂O+CO₂.There are 3 classes of carbonic anhydrases (alpha, beta and gamma),phylogenetically unrelated but sharing some similarities at the activesite. In plants, all three classes exist. Carbonic anhydrases arepresent in chloroplasts, mitochondria (mostly gamma class) and cytosol,and may represent up to 2% of total soluble proteins in leaves. Carbonicanhydrase is important for ensuring efficient photosynthesis bymaintaining CO₂ concentration in cells at a suitable level. It is knownthat at atmospheric O₂ and CO₂ pressure, ribulose bisphosphatecarboxylase (Rubisco) works at 30% of its total capacity, hence there isinterest in improving the CO₂ uptake mechanism in plants. Carbonicanhydrase expression is co-regulated with the expression of Rubisco, andplants generally maintain a constant carbonic anhydrase versus Rubiscoratio. It is furthermore reported that carbonic anhydrase may also limitphotorespiration by providing C-skeletons for nitrogen assimilationunder certain conditions. In plants with a C3 type of photosynthesis,most of the carbonic anhydrase activity is localized to the stroma ofthe mesophyll chloroplasts, whereas in C4 plants, most of the carbonicanhydrase is found in the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells.

The idea of using carbonic anhydrase for increasing CO2 assimilation hasbeen formulated many times. In WO9511979, it is postulated thattransforming a monocotyledonous plant with a carbonic anhydrase from amonocotyledonous plant the ability of carbon dioxide fixation would beimproved and would result in accelerated plant growth. Other documentsdisclose methods for mimicking a C4 type photosynthesis in C3 plantsthereby improving the efficiency of photosynthesis (for example U.S.Pat. No. 6,610,913, U.S. Pat. No. 6,831,217 or US 20030233670). In theseapproaches, a C4-like pathway is introduced in C3 plants by introducingand expressing a combination of various enzyme activities (such asphosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) or pyruvate orthophosphatedikinase (PPDK)) from C4 plants to increase CO₂ fixation; expression ofthese genes is under control of C4 regulatory sequences, typically theirnative promoters. Although predicted however, these attempts did notresult yet in plants with increased yield.

Clavata

Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) are polypeptidesinvolved in two biological functions in plants, i.e., growth anddevelopment on one hand, and defense response on the other. LRR-RLKs aretransmembrane polypeptides involved in signal transduction, with fromN-terminus to C-terminus: (i) a signal peptide for ER subcellulartargeting; (ii) an extracellular receptor domain to perceive signals;(iii) a transmembrane domain; and (iv) an intracellular cytoplasmicserine/threonine kinase domain that can phosphorylate downstream targetproteins, be phosphorylated by itself (autophosphorylation) or by otherkinases, or be dephosphorylated by phosphatases.

LRR-RLKs comprise the largest group within the plant receptor-likekinase (RLK) superfamily, and the Arabidopsis genome alone contains over200 LRR-RLK genes. Members of this family have been categorized intosubfamilies based on both the identity of the extracellular domains andthe phylogenetic relationships between the kinase domains of subfamilymembers (Shiu & Bleecker (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sc USA 98(19):10763-10768). The subfamily LRR XI comprises one of the most studiedLRR-RLK, Clavata1 (CLV1; Leyser et al., (2002) Development 116:397-403),involved in the control of shoot, inflorescence, and floral meristemsize.

The shoot apical meristem can initiate organs and secondary meristemsthroughout the life of a plant. A few cells located in the central zoneof the meristem act as pluripotent stem cells. They divide slowly,thereby displacing daughter cells outwards to the periphery where theyeventually become incorporated into organ primordia and differentiate.The maintenance of a functional meristem requires coordination betweenthe loss of stem cells from the meristem through differentiation andreplacement of cells through division. In Arabidopsis, the Clavata(CLV1, CLV2, and CLV3) genes play a critical role in this process, bylimiting the size of the stem cell pool in these meristems.

Clavata1 mutants have been identified in Arabidopsis (Leyser et al. seeabove; Clark et al., (1993) Development 119: 397-418; Diévart et al.,(2003) Plant Cell 15: 1198-1211), in rice (Suzaki et al., (2004)Development 131: 5649-5657), and in corn (Bommert et al., (2004)Development 132: 1235-1245). All mutants present an enlargement of theaboveground meristems of all types (vegetative, inflorescence, floral)due to ectopic accumulation of stem cells, leading often to abnormalphyllotaxy, inflorescence fasciation and extra floral organs and whorls.This phenotypic severity varies between the different Arabidopsismutants, the weaker alleles presenting only a small increase in stemcell number, whereas the strong alleles have more than 1000 fold morestem cells compared with the wild type (Dievart et al., (2004) supra).The number of carpels formed per flower and the extent of growth of theectopic whorls are sensitive indicators of clv1 mutant severity (Clarkeet al., (1993) Development 119: 397-418). Two weak Arabidopsis mutants,clv1-6 and clv1-7, contain lesions after the transmembrane domain,leaving the possibility that the polypeptides these alleles encode areactually expressed and located to the plasma membrane (Clarke et al.,(1993) supra).

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the nucleic acid sequenceencoding the full length CLV1 polypeptide under the control of theERECTA promoter (ER; for broad expression within the meristems anddeveloping organ primordial) do not present a disrupted meristem (Clarkeet al., (1993) supra). Granted U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,338 provides for anisolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a Clavata1 protein, and modifiednucleic acid sequences encoding a modified Clavata1 protein, anddescribes expression vectors comprising the aforementioned isolatednucleic acid sequences, and plants and plant cells comprising theaforementioned isolated nucleic acid sequences.

DEFINITIONS Polypeptide(s)/Protein(s)

The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably hereinand refer to amino acids in a polymeric form of any length, linkedtogether by peptide bonds.

Polynucleotide(s)/Nucleic Acid(s)/Nucleic Acid Sequence(s)/NucleotideSequence(s)

The terms “polynucleotide(s)”, “nucleic acid sequence(s)”, “nucleotidesequence(s)”, “nucleic acid(s)”, “nucleic acid molecule” are usedinterchangeably herein and refer to nucleotides, either ribonucleotidesor deoxyribonucleotides or a combination of both, in a polymericunbranched form of any length.

Coding Sequence

A “coding sequence” is a nucleic acid sequence, which is transcribedinto mRNA and/or translated into a polypeptide when placed under thecontrol of appropriate regulatory sequences. The boundaries of thecoding sequence are determined by a translation start codon at the5′-terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3′-terminus. A codingsequence can include, but is not limited to mRNA, cDNA, recombinantnucleic acid sequences or genomic DNA, whether with or without.

Control Plant(s)

The choice of suitable control plants is a routine part of anexperimental setup and may include corresponding wild type plants orcorresponding plants without the gene of interest. The control plant istypically of the same plant species or even of the same variety as theplant to be assessed. The control plant may also be a nullizygote of theplant to be assessed. Nullizygotes are individuals missing the transgeneby segregation. A “control plant” as used herein refers not only towhole plants, but also to plant parts, including seeds and seed parts.

Homoloque(s)

“Homologues” of a protein encompass peptides, oligopeptides,polypeptides, proteins and enzymes having amino acid substitutions,deletions and/or insertions relative to the unmodified protein inquestion and having similar biological and functional activity as theunmodified protein from which they are derived.

A deletion refers to removal of one or more amino acids from a protein.

An insertion refers to one or more amino acid residues being introducedinto a predetermined site in a protein. Insertions may compriseN-terminal and/or C-terminal fusions as well as intra-sequenceinsertions of single or multiple amino acids. Generally, insertionswithin the amino acid sequence will be smaller than N- or C-terminalfusions, of the order of about 1 to 10 residues. Examples of N- orC-terminal fusion proteins or peptides include the binding domain oractivation domain of a transcriptional activator as used in the yeasttwo-hybrid system, phage coat proteins, (histidine)-6-tag, glutathioneS-transferase-tag, protein A, maltose-binding protein, dihydrofolatereductase, Tag·100 epitope, c-myc epitope, FLAG®-epitope, lacZ, CMP(calmodulin-binding peptide), HA epitope, protein C epitope and VSVepitope.

A substitution refers to replacement of amino acids of the protein withother amino acids having similar properties (such as similarhydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, antigenicity, propensity to form orbreak α-helical structures or β-sheet structures). Amino acidsubstitutions are typically of single residues, but may be clustereddepending upon functional constraints placed upon the polypeptide;insertions will usually be of the order of about 1 to 10 amino acidresidues. The amino acid substitutions are preferably conservative aminoacid substitutions. Conservative substitution tables are well known inthe art (see for example Creighton (1984) Proteins. W.H. Freeman andCompany (Eds) and Table 1 below).

TABLE 1 Examples of conserved amino acid substitutions ConservativeResidue Substitutions Ala Ser Arg Lys Asn Gln; His Asp Glu Gln Asn CysSer Glu Asp Gly Pro His Asn; Gln Ile Leu, Val Leu Ile; Val Lys Arg; GlnMet Leu; Ile Phe Met; Leu; Tyr Ser Thr; Gly Thr Ser; Val Trp Tyr TyrTrp; Phe Val Ile; Leu

Amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions may readily bemade using peptide synthetic techniques well known in the art, such assolid phase peptide synthesis and the like, or by recombinant DNAmanipulation. Methods for the manipulation of DNA sequences to producesubstitution, insertion or deletion variants of a protein are well knownin the art. For example, techniques for making substitution mutations atpredetermined sites in DNA are well known to those skilled in the artand include M13 mutagenesis, T7-Gen in vitro mutagenesis (USB,Cleveland, Ohio), QuickChange Site Directed mutagenesis (Stratagene, SanDiego, Calif.), PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis or othersite-directed mutagenesis protocols.

Derivatives

“Derivatives” include peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides which may,compared to the amino acid sequence of the naturally-occurring form ofthe protein, such as the protein of interest, comprise substitutions ofamino acids with non-naturally occurring amino acid residues, oradditions of non-naturally occurring amino acid residues. “Derivatives”of a protein also encompass peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides whichcomprise naturally occurring altered (glycosylated, acylated,prenylated, phosphorylated, myristoylated, sulphated etc.) ornon-naturally altered amino acid residues compared to the amino acidsequence of a naturally-occurring form of the polypeptide. A derivativemay also comprise one or more non-amino acid substituents or additionscompared to the amino acid sequence from which it is derived, forexample a reporter molecule or other ligand, covalently ornon-covalently bound to the amino acid sequence, such as a reportermolecule which is bound to facilitate its detection, and non-naturallyoccurring amino acid residues relative to the amino acid sequence of anaturally-occurring protein. Furthermore, “derivatives” also includefusions of the naturally-occurring form of the protein with taggingpeptides such as FLAG, HIS6 or thioredoxin (for a review of taggingpeptides, see Terpe, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60, 523-533, 2003).

Orthologue(s)/Paralogue(s)

Orthologues and paralogues encompass evolutionary concepts used todescribe the ancestral relationships of genes. Paralogues are geneswithin the same species that have originated through duplication of anancestral gene; orthologues are genes from different organisms that haveoriginated through speciation, and are also derived from a commonancestral gene.

Domain

The term “domain” refers to a set of amino acids conserved at specificpositions along an alignment of sequences of evolutionarily relatedproteins. While amino acids at other positions can vary betweenhomologues, amino acids that are highly conserved at specific positionsindicate amino acids that are likely essential in the structure,stability or function of a protein. Identified by their high degree ofconservation in aligned sequences of a family of protein homologues,they can be used as identifiers to determine if any polypeptide inquestion belongs to a previously identified polypeptide family.

Motif/Consensus Sequence/Signature

The term “motif” or “consensus sequence” or “signature” refers to ashort conserved region in the sequence of evolutionarily relatedproteins. Motifs are frequently highly conserved parts of domains, butmay also include only part of the domain, or be located outside ofconserved domain (if all of the amino acids of the motif fall outside ofa defined domain).

Hybridisation

The term “hybridisation” as defined herein is a process whereinsubstantially homologous complementary nucleotide sequences anneal toeach other. The hybridisation process can occur entirely in solution,i.e. both complementary nucleic acids are in solution. The hybridisationprocess can also occur with one of the complementary nucleic acidsimmobilised to a matrix such as magnetic beads, Sepharose beads or anyother resin. The hybridisation process can furthermore occur with one ofthe complementary nucleic acids immobilised to a solid support such as anitro-cellulose or nylon membrane or immobilised by e.g.photolithography to, for example, a siliceous glass support (the latterknown as nucleic acid arrays or microarrays or as nucleic acid chips).In order to allow hybridisation to occur, the nucleic acid molecules aregenerally thermally or chemically denatured to melt a double strand intotwo single strands and/or to remove hairpins or other secondarystructures from single stranded nucleic acids.

The term “stringency” refers to the conditions under which ahybridisation takes place. The stringency of hybridisation is influencedby conditions such as temperature, salt concentration, ionic strengthand hybridisation buffer composition. Generally, low stringencyconditions are selected to be about 30° C. lower than the thermalmelting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence at a defined ionicstrength and pH. Medium stringency conditions are when the temperatureis 20° C. below T_(m), and high stringency conditions are when thetemperature is 10° C. below T_(m). High stringency hybridisationconditions are typically used for isolating hybridising sequences thathave high sequence similarity to the target nucleic acid sequence.However, nucleic acids may deviate in sequence and still encode asubstantially identical polypeptide, due to the degeneracy of thegenetic code. Therefore medium stringency hybridisation conditions maysometimes be needed to identify such nucleic acid molecules.

The Tm is the temperature under defined ionic strength and pH, at which50% of the target sequence hybridises to a perfectly matched probe. TheT_(m) is dependent upon the solution conditions and the base compositionand length of the probe. For example, longer sequences hybridisespecifically at higher temperatures. The maximum rate of hybridisationis obtained from about 16° C. up to 32° C. below T_(m). The presence ofmonovalent cations in the hybridisation solution reduce theelectrostatic repulsion between the two nucleic acid strands therebypromoting hybrid formation; this effect is visible for sodiumconcentrations of up to 0.4M (for higher concentrations, this effect maybe ignored). Formamide reduces the melting temperature of DNA-DNA andDNA-RNA duplexes with 0.6 to 0.7° C. for each percent formamide, andaddition of 50% formamide allows hybridisation to be performed at 30 to45° C., though the rate of hybridisation will be lowered. Base pairmismatches reduce the hybridisation rate and the thermal stability ofthe duplexes. On average and for large probes, the Tm decreases about 1°C. per % base mismatch. The Tm may be calculated using the followingequations, depending on the types of hybrids:

1) DNA-DNA hybrids (Meinkoth and Wahl, Anal. Biochem., 138: 267-284,1984):

T _(m)=81.5° C.+16.6×log₁₀ [Na ⁺]^(a)+0.41×%[G/C ^(b)]−500×[L^(c)]⁻¹−0.61×% formamide

2) DNA-RNA or RNA-RNA hybrids:

Tm=79.8+18.5(log₁₀ [Na ⁺]^(a))+0.58(% G/C ^(b))+11.8(% G/C ^(b))²−820/L^(c)

3) oligo-DNA or oligo-RNA^(d) hybrids:

For <20 nucleotides: T_(m)=2 (I_(n))

For 20-35 nucleotides: T_(m)=22+1.46 (I_(n))

^(a) or for other monovalent cation, but only accurate in the 0.01-0.4 Mrange.^(b) only accurate for % GC in the 30% to 75% range.^(c) L=length of duplex in base pairs.^(d) oligo, oligonucleotide; I_(n), =effective length of primer=2×(no.of G/C)+(no. of NT).

Non-specific binding may be controlled using any one of a number ofknown techniques such as, for example, blocking the membrane withprotein containing solutions, additions of heterologous RNA, DNA, andSDS to the hybridisation buffer, and treatment with Rnase. Fornon-homologous probes, a series of hybridizations may be performed byvarying one of (i) progressively lowering the annealing temperature (forexample from 68° C. to 42° C.) or (ii) progressively lowering theformamide concentration (for example from 50% to 0%). The skilledartisan is aware of various parameters which may be altered duringhybridisation and which will either maintain or change the stringencyconditions.

Besides the hybridisation conditions, specificity of hybridisationtypically also depends on the function of post-hybridisation washes. Toremove background resulting from non-specific hybridisation, samples arewashed with dilute salt solutions. Critical factors of such washesinclude the ionic strength and temperature of the final wash solution:the lower the salt concentration and the higher the wash temperature,the higher the stringency of the wash. Wash conditions are typicallyperformed at or below hybridisation stringency. A positive hybridisationgives a signal that is at least twice of that of the background.Generally, suitable stringent conditions for nucleic acid hybridisationassays or gene amplification detection procedures are as set forthabove. More or less stringent conditions may also be selected. Theskilled artisan is aware of various parameters which may be alteredduring washing and which will either maintain or change the stringencyconditions.

For example, typical high stringency hybridisation conditions for DNAhybrids longer than 50 nucleotides encompass hybridisation at 65° C. in1×SSC or at 42° C. in 1×SSC and 50% formamide, followed by washing at65° C. in 0.3×SSC. Examples of medium stringency hybridisationconditions for DNA hybrids longer than 50 nucleotides encompasshybridisation at 50° C. in 4×SSC or at 40° C. in 6×SSC and 50%formamide, followed by washing at 50° C. in 2×SSC. The length of thehybrid is the anticipated length for the hybridising nucleic acid. Whennucleic acids of known sequence are hybridised, the hybrid length may bedetermined by aligning the sequences and identifying the conservedregions described herein. 1×SSC is 0.15M NaCl and 15 mM sodium citrate;the hybridisation solution and wash solutions may additionally include5×Denhardt's reagent, 0.5-1.0% SDS, 100 μg/ml denatured, fragmentedsalmon sperm DNA, 0.5% sodium pyrophosphate.

For the purposes of defining the level of stringency, reference can bemade to Sambrook et al. (2001) Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual,3^(rd) Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, CSH, New York or toCurrent Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989and yearly updates).

Splice Variant

The term “splice variant” as used herein encompasses variants of anucleic acid sequence in which selected introns and/or exons have beenexcised, replaced, displaced or added, or in which introns have beenshortened or lengthened. Such variants will be ones in which thebiological activity of the protein is substantially retained; this maybe achieved by selectively retaining functional segments of the protein.Such splice variants may be found in nature or may be manmade. Methodsfor predicting and isolating such splice variants are well known in theart (see for example Foissac and Schiex (2005) BMC Bioinformatics 6:25).

Allelic Variant

Alleles or allelic variants are alternative forms of a given gene,located at the same chromosomal position. Allelic variants encompassSingle Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as SmallInsertion/Deletion Polymorphisms (INDELs). The size of INDELs is usuallyless than 100 bp. SNPs and INDELs form the largest set of sequencevariants in naturally occurring polymorphic strains of most organisms.

Gene Shuffling/Directed Evolution

Gene shuffling or directed evolution consists of iterations of DNAshuffling followed by appropriate screening and/or selection to generatevariants of nucleic acids or portions thereof encoding proteins having amodified biological activity (Castle et al., (2004) Science 304(5674):1151-4; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,811,238 and 6,395,547).

Regulatory Element/Control Sequence/Promoter

The terms “regulatory element”, “control sequence” and “promoter” areall used interchangeably herein and are to be taken in a broad contextto refer to regulatory nucleic acid sequences capable of effectingexpression of the sequences to which they are ligated. Control sequencesmay be promoters, enhancers, silencers, intron sequences, 3′UTR and/or5′UTR regions/andor RNA stabilizing elements.

The term “promoter” typically refers to a nucleic acid control sequencelocated upstream from the transcriptional start of a gene and which isinvolved in recognising and binding of RNA polymerase and otherproteins, thereby directing transcription of an operably linked nucleicacid. Encompassed by the aforementioned terms are transcriptionalregulatory sequences derived from a classical eukaryotic genomic gene(including the TATA box which is required for accurate transcriptioninitiation, with or without a CCAAT box sequence) and additionalregulatory elements (i.e. upstream activating sequences, enhancers andsilencers) which alter gene expression in response to developmentaland/or external stimuli, or in a tissue-specific manner. Also includedwithin the term is a transcriptional regulatory sequence of a classicalprokaryotic gene, in which case it may include a −35 box sequence and/or−10 box transcriptional regulatory sequences. The term “regulatoryelement” also encompasses a synthetic fusion molecule or derivative thatconfers, activates or enhances expression of a nucleic acid molecule ina cell, tissue or organ.

A “plant promoter” comprises regulatory elements, which mediate theexpression of a coding sequence segment in plant cells. Accordingly, aplant promoter need not be of plant origin, but may originate fromviruses or micro-organisms, for example from viruses which attack plantcells. The “plant promoter” can also originate from a plant cell, e.g.from the plant which is transformed with the nucleic acid sequence to beexpressed in the inventive process and described herein. This alsoapplies to other “plant” regulatory signals, such as “plant”terminators. The promoters upstream of the nucleotide sequences usefulin the methods of the present invention can be modified by one or morenucleotide substitution(s), insertion(s) and/or deletion(s) withoutinterfering with the functionality or activity of either the promoters,the open reading frame (ORF) or the 3′-regulatory region such asterminators or other 3′ regulatory regions which are located away fromthe ORF. It is furthermore possible that the activity of the promotersis increased by modification of their sequence, or that they arereplaced completely by more active promoters, even promoters fromheterologous organisms. For expression in plants, the nucleic acidmolecule must, as described above, be linked operably to or comprise asuitable promoter which expresses the gene at the right point in timeand with the required spatial expression pattern.

For the identification of functionally equivalent promoters, thepromoter strength and/or expression pattern of a candidate promoter maybe analysed for example by operably linking the promoter to a reportergene and assaying the expression level and pattern of the reporter genein various tissues of the plant. Suitable well-known reporter genesinclude for example beta-glucuronidase or beta-galactosidase. Thepromoter activity is assayed by measuring the enzymatic activity of thebeta-glucuronidase or beta-galactosidase. The promoter strength and/orexpression pattern may then be compared to that of a reference promoter(such as the one used in the methods of the present invention).Alternatively, promoter strength may be assayed by quantifying mRNAlevels or by comparing mRNA levels of the nucleic acid used in themethods of the present invention, with mRNA levels of housekeeping genessuch as 18S rRNA, using methods known in the art, such as Northernblotting with densitometric analysis of autoradiograms, quantitativereal-time PCR or RT-PCR (Heid et al., 1996 Genome Methods 6: 986-994).Generally by “weak promoter” is intended a promoter that drivesexpression of a coding sequence at a low level. By “low level” isintended at levels of about 1/10,000 transcripts to about 1/100,000transcripts, to about 1/500,0000 transcripts per cell. Conversely, a“strong promoter” drives expression of a coding sequence at high level,or at about 1/10 transcripts to about 1/100 transcripts to about 1/1000transcripts per cell.

Operably Linked

The term “operably linked” as used herein refers to a functional linkagebetween the promoter sequence and the gene of interest, such that thepromoter sequence is able to initiate transcription of the gene ofinterest.

Constitutive Promoter

A “constitutive promoter” refers to a promoter that is transcriptionallyactive during most, but not necessarily all, phases of growth anddevelopment and under most environmental conditions, in at least onecell, tissue or organ. Table 2a below gives examples of constitutivepromoters.

TABLE 2a Examples of constitutive promoters Gene Source Reference ActinMcElroy et al, Plant Cell, 2: 163-171, 1990 HMGP WO 2004/070039 CAMV 35SOdell et al, Nature, 313: 810-812, 1985 CaMV 19S Nilsson et al.,Physiol. Plant. 100: 456-462, 1997 GOS2 de Pater et al, Plant J Nov;2(6): 837-44, 1992, WO 2004/065596 Ubiquitin Christensen et al, PlantMol. Biol. 18: 675-689, 1992 Rice cyclophilin Buchholz et al, Plant MolBiol. 25(5): 837-43, 1994 Maize H3 histone Lepetit et al, Mol. Gen.Genet. 231: 276-285, 1992 Alfalfa H3 histone Wu et al. Plant Mol. Biol.11: 641-649, 1988 Actin 2 An et al, Plant J. 10(1); 107-121, 1996 34SFMV Sanger et al., Plant. Mol. Biol., 14, 1990: 433-443 Rubisco smallU.S. Pat. No. 4,962,028 subunit OCS Leisner (1988) Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 85(5): 2553 SAD1 Jain et al., Crop Science, 39 (6), 1999: 1696 SAD2Jain et al., Crop Science, 39 (6), 1999: 1696 nos Shaw et al. (1984)Nucleic Acids Res. 12(20): 7831-7846 V-ATPase WO 01/14572 Super promoterWO 95/14098 G-box proteins WO 94/12015

Ubiquitous Promoter

A ubiquitous promoter is active in substantially all tissues or cells ofan organism.

Developmentally-Regulated Promoter

A developmentally-regulated promoter is active during certaindevelopmental stages or in parts of the plant that undergo developmentalchanges.

Inducible Promoter

An inducible promoter has induced or increased transcription initiationin response to a chemical (for a review see Gatz 1997, Annu. Rev. PlantPhysiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 48:89-108), environmental or physicalstimulus, or may be “stress-inducible”, i.e. activated when a plant isexposed to various stress conditions, or a “pathogen-inducible” i.e.activated when a plant is exposed to exposure to various pathogens.

Organ-Specific/Tissue-Specific Promoter

An organ-specific or tissue-specific promoter is one that is capable ofpreferentially initiating transcription in certain organs or tissues,such as the leaves, roots, seed tissue etc. For example, a“root-specific promoter” is a promoter that is transcriptionally activepredominantly in plant roots, substantially to the exclusion of anyother parts of a plant, whilst still allowing for any leaky expressionin these other plant parts. Promoters able to initiate transcription incertain cells only are referred to herein as “cell-specific”.

Examples of root-specific promoters are listed in Table 2b below:

TABLE 2b Examples of root-specific promoters Gene Source Reference RCc3Plant Mol Biol. 1995 Jan; 27(2): 237-48 Arabidopsis PHT1 Kovama et al.,2005; Mudge et al. (2002, Plant J. 31: 341) Medicago phosphate Xiao etal., 2006 transporter Arabidopsis Pyk10 Nitz et al. (2001) Plant Sci161(2): 337-346 root-expressible Tingey et al., EMBO J. 6: 1, 1987.genes tobacco auxin- Van der Zaal et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 16, 983,inducible gene 1991. β-tubulin Oppenheimer, et al., Gene 63: 87, 1988.tobacco root- Conkling, et al., Plant Physiol. 93: 1203, 1990. specificgenes B. napus G1-3b U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,836 gene SbPRP1 Suzuki et al.,Plant Mol. Biol. 21: 109-119, 1993. LRX1 Baumberger et al. 2001, Genes &Dev. 15: 1128 BTG-26 Brassica US 20050044585 napus LeAMT1 (tomato)Lauter et al. (1996, PNAS 3: 8139) The LeNRT1-1 Lauter et al. (1996,PNAS 3: 8139) (tomato) class I patatin gene Liu et al., Plant Mol. Biol.153: 386-395, 1991. (potato) KDC1 (Daucus Downey et al. (2000, J. Biol.Chem. 275: 39420) carota) TobRB7 gene W Song (1997) PhD Thesis, NorthCarolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA OsRAB5a (rice) Wang et al.2002, Plant Sci. 163: 273 ALF5 (Arabidopsis) Diener et al. (2001, PlantCell 13: 1625) NRT2; 1Np Quesada et al. (1997, Plant Mol. Biol. 34: 265)(N. plumbaginifolia)

A seed-specific promoter is transcriptionally active predominantly inseed tissue, but not necessarily exclusively in seed tissue (in cases ofleaky expression). The seed-specific promoter may be active during seeddevelopment and/or during germination. The seed specific promoter may beendosperm and/or aleurone and/or embryo specific. Examples ofseed-specific promoters (endosperm/aleurone/embryo specific) are shownin Tables 2c-f below. Further examples of seed-specific promoters aregiven in Qing Qu and Takaiwa (Plant Biotechnol. J. 2, 113-125, 2004),which disclosure is incorporated by reference herein as if fully setforth.

TABLE 2c Examples of seed-specific promoters Gene source Referenceseed-specific genes Simon et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 5: 191, 1985;Scofield et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262: 12202, 1987.; Baszczynski et al.,Plant Mol. Biol. 14: 633, 1990. Brazil Nut albumin Pearson et al., PlantMol. Biol. 18: 235-245, 1992. legumin Ellis et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 10:203-214, 1988. glutelin (rice) Takaiwa et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 208:15-22, 1986; Takaiwa et al., FEBS Letts. 221: 43-47, 1987. zein Matzkeet al Plant Mol Biol, 14(3): 323-32 1990 napA Stalberg et al, Planta199: 515-519, 1996. wheat LMW and HMW glutenin-1 Mol Gen Genet 216:81-90, 1989; NAR 17: 461-2, 1989 wheat SPA Albani et al, Plant Cell, 9:171-184, 1997 wheat α,β,γ-gliadins EMBO J. 3: 1409-15, 1984 barley Itr1promoter Diaz et al. (1995) Mol Gen Genet 248(5): 592-8 barley B1, C, D,hordein Theor Appl Gen 98: 1253-62, 1999; Plant J 4: 343-55, 1993; MolGen Genet 250: 750-60, 1996 barley DOF Mena et al, The Plant Journal,116(1): 53-62, 1998 blz2 EP99106056.7 synthetic promoterVicente-Carbajosa et al., Plant J. 13: 629-640, 1998. rice prolaminNRP33 Wu et al, Plant Cell Physiology 39(8) 885-889, 1998 ricea-globulin Glb-1 Wu et al, Plant Cell Physiology 39(8) 885-889, 1998rice OSH1 Sato et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 8117-8122, 1996rice α-globulin REB/OHP-1 Nakase et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 33: 513-522,1997 rice ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase Trans Res 6: 157-68, 1997 maizeESR gene family Plant J 12: 235-46, 1997 sorghum α-kafirin DeRose etal., Plant Mol. Biol 32: 1029-35, 1996 KNOX Postma-Haarsma et al, PlantMol. Biol. 39: 257-71, 1999 rice oleosin Wu et al, J. Biochem. 123: 386,1998 sunflower oleosin Cummins et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 19: 873-876,1992 PRO0117, putative rice 40S WO 2004/070039 ribosomal proteinPRO0136, rice alanine unpublished aminotransferase PRO0147, trypsininhibitor ITR1 unpublished (barley) PRO0151, rice WSI18 WO 2004/070039PRO0175, rice RAB21 WO 2004/070039 PRO005 WO 2004/070039 PRO0095 WO2004/070039 α-amylase (Amy32b) Lanahan et al, Plant Cell 4: 203-211,1992; Skriver et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 7266-7270, 1991cathepsin β-like gene Cejudo et al, Plant Mol Biol 20: 849-856, 1992Barley Ltp2 Kalla et al., Plant J. 6: 849-60, 1994 Chi26 Leah et al.,Plant J. 4: 579-89, 1994 Maize B-Peru Selinger et al., Genetics 149;1125-38, 1998

TABLE 2d examples of endosperm-specific promoters Gene source Referenceglutelin (rice) Takaiwa et al. (1986) Mol Gen Genet 208: 15-22; Takaiwaet al. (1987) FEBS Letts. 221: 43-47 zein Matzke et al., (1990) PlantMol Biol 14(3): 323-32 wheat LMW and Colot et al. (1989) Mol Gen Genet216: 81-90, Anderson et al. HMW glutenin-1 (1989) NAR 17: 461-2 wheatSPA Albani et al. (1997) Plant Cell 9: 171-184 wheat gliadins Rafalskiet al. (1984) EMBO 3: 1409-15 barley Itr1 promoter Diaz et al. (1995)Mol Gen Genet 248(5): 592-8 barley B1, C, D, Cho et al. (1999) TheorAppl Genet 98: 1253-62; hordein Muller et al. family (1993) Plant J 4:343-55; Sorenson et al. (1996) Mol Gen Genet 250: 750-60 barley DOF Menaet al, (1998) Plant J 116(1): 53-62 blz2 Onate et al. (1999) J Biol Chem274(14): 9175-82 synthetic promoter Vicente-Carbajosa et al. (1998)Plant J 13: 629-640 rice prolamin Wu et al, (1998) Plant Cell Physiol39(8) 885-889 NRP33 rice globulin Glb-1 Wu et al. (1998) Plant CellPhysiol 39(8) 885-889 rice globulin REB/ Nakase et al. (1997) PlantMolec Biol 33: 513-522 OHP-1 rice ADP-glucose Russell et al. (1997)Trans Res 6: 157-68 pyrophosphorylase maize ESR gene Opsahl-Ferstad etal. (1997) Plant J 12: 235-46 family sorghum kafirin DeRose et al.(1996) Plant Mol Biol 32: 1029-35

TABLE 2e Examples of embryo specific promoters: Gene source Referencerice OSH1 Sato et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 8117-8122, 1996KNOX Postma-Haarsma et al, Plant Mol. Biol. 39: 257-71, 1999 PRO0151 WO2004/070039 PRO0175 WO 2004/070039 PRO005 WO 2004/070039 PRO0095 WO2004/070039

TABLE 2f Examples of aleurone-specific promoters: Gene source Referenceα-amylase Lanahan et al, Plant Cell 4: 203-211, 1992; (Amy32b) Skriveret al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 7266-7270, 1991 cathepsin β-likeCejudo et al, Plant Mol Biol 20: 849-856, 1992 gene Barley Ltp2 Kalla etal., Plant J. 6: 849-60, 1994 Chi26 Leah et al., Plant J. 4: 579-89,1994 Maize B-Peru Selinger et al., Genetics 149; 1125-38, 1998

A green tissue-specific promoter as defined herein is a promoter that istranscriptionally active predominantly in green tissue, substantially tothe exclusion of any other parts of a plant, whilst still allowing forany leaky expression in these other plant parts.

Examples of green tissue-specific promoters which may be used to performthe methods of the invention are shown in Table 2g below.

TABLE 2g Examples of green tissue-specific promoters Gene ExpressionReference Maize Orthophosphate dikinase Leaf specific Fukavama et al.,2001 Maize Phosphoenolpyruvate Leaf specific Kausch et al., 2001carboxylase Rice Phosphoenolpyruvate Leaf specific Liu et al., 2003carboxylase Rice small subunit Rubisco Leaf specific Nomura et al., 2000rice beta expansin EXBP9 Shoot specific WO 2004/070039 Pigeonpea smallsubunit Rubisco Leaf specific Panguluri et al., 2005 Pea RBCS3A Leafspecific

Another example of a tissue-specific promoter is a meristem-specificpromoter, which is transcriptionally active predominantly inmeristematic tissue, substantially to the exclusion of any other partsof a plant, whilst still allowing for any leaky expression in theseother plant parts. Examples of green meristem-specific promoters whichmay be used to perform the methods of the invention are shown in Table2h below.

TABLE 2h Examples of meristem-specific promoters Gene source Expressionpattern Reference rice OSH1 Shoot apical meristem, from Sato et al.(1996) embryo globular stage to Proc. Natl. Acad. seedling stage Sci.USA, 93: 8117-8122 Rice metallothionein Meristem specific BAD87835.1WAK1 & WAK 2 Shoot and root apical Wagner & Kohorn meristems, and inexpanding (2001) Plant Cell leaves and sepals 13(2): 303-318

Terminator

The term “terminator” encompasses a control sequence which is a DNAsequence at the end of a transcriptional unit which signals 3′processing and polyadenylation of a primary transcript and terminationof transcription. The terminator can be derived from the natural gene,from a variety of other plant genes, or from T-DNA. The terminator to beadded may be derived from, for example, the nopaline synthase oroctopine synthase genes, or alternatively from another plant gene, orless preferably from any other eukaryotic gene.

Modulation

The term “modulation” means in relation to expression or geneexpression, a process in which the expression level is changed by saidgene expression in comparison to the control plant, the expression levelmay be increased or decreased. The original, unmodulated expression maybe of any kind of expression of a structural RNA (rRNA, tRNA) or mRNAwith subsequent translation. The term “modulating the activity” shallmean any change of the expression of the inventive nucleic acidsequences or encoded proteins, which leads to increased yield and/orincreased growth of the plants.

Expression

The term “expression” or “gene expression” means the transcription of aspecific gene or specific genes or specific genetic construct. The term“expression” or “gene expression” in particular means the transcriptionof a gene or genes or genetic construct into structural RNA (rRNA, tRNA)or mRNA with or without subsequent translation of the latter into aprotein. The process includes transcription of DNA and processing of theresulting mRNA product.

Increased Expression/Overexpression

The term “increased expression” or “overexpression” as used herein meansany form of expression that is additional to the original wild-typeexpression level.

Methods for increasing expression of genes or gene products are welldocumented in the art and include, for example, overexpression driven byappropriate promoters, the use of transcription enhancers or translationenhancers. Isolated nucleic acids which serve as promoter or enhancerelements may be introduced in an appropriate position (typicallyupstream) of a non-heterologous form of a polynucleotide so as toupregulate expression of a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide ofinterest. For example, endogenous promoters may be altered in vivo bymutation, deletion, and/or substitution (see, Kmiec, U.S. Pat. No.5,565,350; Zarling et al., WO9322443), or isolated promoters may beintroduced into a plant cell in the proper orientation and distance froma gene of the present invention so as to control the expression of thegene.

If polypeptide expression is desired, it is generally desirable toinclude a polyadenylation region at the 3′-end of a polynucleotidecoding region. The polyadenylation region can be derived from thenatural gene, from a variety of other plant genes, or from T-DNA. The 3′end sequence to be added may be derived from, for example, the nopalinesynthase or octopine synthase genes, or alternatively from another plantgene, or less preferably from any other eukaryotic gene.

An intron sequence may also be added to the 5′ untranslated region (UTR)or the coding sequence of the partial coding sequence to increase theamount of the mature message that accumulates in the cytosol. Inclusionof a spliceable intron in the transcription unit in both plant andanimal expression constructs has been shown to increase gene expressionat both the mRNA and protein levels up to 1000-fold (Buchman and Berg(1988) Mol. Cell biol. 8: 4395-4405; Callis et al. (1987) Genes Dev1:1183-1200). Such intron enhancement of gene expression is typicallygreatest when placed near the 5′ end of the transcription unit. Use ofthe maize introns Adh1-S intron 1, 2, and 6, the Bronze-1 intron areknown in the art. For general information see: The Maize Handbook,Chapter 116, Freeling and Walbot, Eds., Springer, N.Y. (1994).

Endogenous gene

Reference herein to an “endogenous” gene not only refers to the gene inquestion as found in a plant in its natural form (i.e., without therebeing any human intervention), but also refers to that same gene (or asubstantially homologous nucleic acid/gene) in an isolated formsubsequently (re)introduced into a plant (a transgene). For example, atransgenic plant containing such a transgene may encounter a substantialreduction of the transgene expression and/or substantial reduction ofexpression of the endogenous gene. The isolated gene may be isolatedfrom an organism or may be manmade, for example by chemical synthesis.

Decreased Expression

Reference herein to “decreased epression” or “reduction or substantialelimination” of expression is taken to mean a decrease in endogenousgene expression and/or polypeptide levels and/or polypeptide activityrelative to control plants. The reduction or substantial elimination isin increasing order of preference at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50%,60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more reducedcompared to that of control plants.

For the reduction or substantial elimination of expression an endogenousgene in a plant, a sufficient length of substantially contiguousnucleotides of a nucleic acid sequence is required. In order to performgene silencing, this may be as little as 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13,12, 11, 10 or fewer nucleotides, alternatively this may be as much asthe entire gene (including the 5′ and/or 3′ UTR, either in part or inwhole). The stretch of substantially contiguous nucleotides may bederived from the nucleic acid encoding the protein of interest (targetgene), or from any nucleic acid capable of encoding an orthologue,paralogue or homologue of the protein of interest. Preferably, thestretch of substantially contiguous nucleotides is capable of forminghydrogen bonds with the target gene (either sense or antisense strand),more preferably, the stretch of substantially contiguous nucleotideshas, in increasing order of preference, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100% sequence identity to the target gene(either sense or antisense strand). A nucleic acid sequence encoding a(functional) polypeptide is not a requirement for the various methodsdiscussed herein for the reduction or substantial elimination ofexpression of an endogenous gene.

This reduction or substantial elimination of expression may be achievedusing routine tools and techniques. A preferred method for the reductionor substantial elimination of endogenous gene expression is byintroducing and expressing in a plant a genetic construct into which thenucleic acid (in this case a stretch of substantially contiguousnucleotides derived from the gene of interest, or from any nucleic acidcapable of encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of any one ofthe protein of interest) is cloned as an inverted repeat (in part orcompletely), separated by a spacer (non-coding DNA).

In such a preferred method, expression of the endogenous gene is reducedor substantially eliminated through RNA-mediated silencing using aninverted repeat of a nucleic acid or a part thereof (in this case astretch of substantially contiguous nucleotides derived from the gene ofinterest, or from any nucleic acid capable of encoding an orthologue,paralogue or homologue of the protein of interest), preferably capableof forming a hairpin structure. The inverted repeat is cloned in anexpression vector comprising control sequences. A non-coding DNA nucleicacid sequence (a spacer, for example a matrix attachment region fragment(MAR), an intron, a polylinker, etc.) is located between the twoinverted nucleic acids forming the inverted repeat. After transcriptionof the inverted repeat, a chimeric RNA with a self-complementarystructure is formed (partial or complete). This double-stranded RNAstructure is referred to as the hairpin RNA (hpRNA). The hpRNA isprocessed by the plant into siRNAs that are incorporated into anRNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The RISC further cleaves the mRNAtranscripts, thereby substantially reducing the number of mRNAtranscripts to be translated into polypeptides. For further generaldetails see for example, Grierson et al. (1998) WO 98/53083; Waterhouseet al. (1999) WO 99/53050).

Performance of the methods of the invention does not rely on introducingand expressing in a plant a genetic construct into which the nucleicacid is cloned as an inverted repeat, but any one or more of severalwell-known “gene silencing” methods may be used to achieve the sameeffects.

One such method for the reduction of endogenous gene expression isRNA-mediated silencing of gene expression (downregulation). Silencing inthis case is triggered in a plant by a double stranded RNA sequence(dsRNA) that is substantially similar to the target endogenous gene.This dsRNA is further processed by the plant into about 20 to about 26nucleotides called short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The siRNAs areincorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that cleavesthe mRNA transcript of the endogenous target gene, thereby substantiallyreducing the number of mRNA transcripts to be translated into apolypeptide. Preferably, the double stranded RNA sequence corresponds toa target gene.

Another example of an RNA silencing method involves the introduction ofnucleic acid sequences or parts thereof (in this case a stretch ofsubstantially contiguous nucleotides derived from the gene of interest,or from any nucleic acid capable of encoding an orthologue, paralogue orhomologue of the protein of interest) in a sense orientation into aplant. “Sense orientation” refers to a DNA sequence that is homologousto an mRNA transcript thereof. Introduced into a plant would thereforebe at least one copy of the nucleic acid sequence. The additionalnucleic acid sequence will reduce expression of the endogenous gene,giving rise to a phenomenon known as co-suppression. The reduction ofgene expression will be more pronounced if several additional copies ofa nucleic acid sequence are introduced into the plant, as there is apositive correlation between high transcript levels and the triggeringof co-suppression.

Another example of an RNA silencing method involves the use of antisensenucleic acid sequences. An “antisense” nucleic acid sequence comprises anucleotide sequence that is complementary to a “sense” nucleic acidsequence encoding a protein, i.e. complementary to the coding strand ofa double-stranded cDNA molecule or complementary to an mRNA transcriptsequence. The antisense nucleic acid sequence is preferablycomplementary to the endogenous gene to be silenced. The complementaritymay be located in the “coding region” and/or in the “non-coding region”of a gene. The term “coding region” refers to a region of the nucleotidesequence comprising codons that are translated into amino acid residues.The term “non-coding region” refers to 5′ and 3′ sequences that flankthe coding region that are transcribed but not translated into aminoacids (also referred to as 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions).

Antisense nucleic acid sequences can be designed according to the rulesof Watson and Crick base pairing. The antisense nucleic acid sequencemay be complementary to the entire nucleic acid sequence (in this case astretch of substantially contiguous nucleotides derived from the gene ofinterest, or from any nucleic acid capable of encoding an orthologue,paralogue or homologue of the protein of interest), but may also be anoligonucleotide that is antisense to only a part of the nucleic acidsequence (including the mRNA 5′ and 3′ UTR). For example, the antisenseoligonucleotide sequence may be complementary to the region surroundingthe translation start site of an mRNA transcript encoding a polypeptide.The length of a suitable antisense oligonucleotide sequence is known inthe art and may start from about 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15 or 10nucleotides in length or less. An antisense nucleic acid sequenceaccording to the invention may be constructed using chemical synthesisand enzymatic ligation reactions using methods known in the art. Forexample, an antisense nucleic acid sequence (e.g., an antisenseoligonucleotide sequence) may be chemically synthesized using naturallyoccurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotides designed toincrease the biological stability of the molecules or to increase thephysical stability of the duplex formed between the antisense and sensenucleic acid sequences, e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridinesubstituted nucleotides may be used. Examples of modified nucleotidesthat may be used to generate the antisense nucleic acid sequences arewell known in the art. Known nucleotide modifications includemethylation, cyclization and ‘caps’ and substitution of one or more ofthe naturally occurring nucleotides with an analogue such as inosine.Other modifications of nucleotides are well known in the art.

The antisense nucleic acid sequence can be produced biologically usingan expression vector into which a nucleic acid sequence has beensubcloned in an antisense orientation (i.e., RNA transcribed from theinserted nucleic acid will be of an antisense orientation to a targetnucleic acid of interest). Preferably, production of antisense nucleicacid sequences in plants occurs by means of a stably integrated nucleicacid construct comprising a promoter, an operably linked antisenseoligonucleotide, and a terminator.

The nucleic acid molecules used for silencing in the methods of theinvention (whether introduced into a plant or generated in situ)hybridize with or bind to mRNA transcripts and/or genomic DNA encoding apolypeptide to thereby inhibit expression of the protein, e.g., byinhibiting transcription and/or translation. The hybridization can be byconventional nucleotide complementarity to form a stable duplex, or, forexample, in the case of an antisense nucleic acid sequence which bindsto DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove ofthe double helix. Antisense nucleic acid sequences may be introducedinto a plant by transformation or direct injection at a specific tissuesite. Alternatively, antisense nucleic acid sequences can be modified totarget selected cells and then administered systemically. For example,for systemic administration, antisense nucleic acid sequences can bemodified such that they specifically bind to receptors or antigensexpressed on a selected cell surface, e.g., by linking the antisensenucleic acid sequence to peptides or antibodies which bind to cellsurface receptors or antigens. The antisense nucleic acid sequences canalso be delivered to cells using the vectors described herein.

According to a further aspect, the antisense nucleic acid sequence is ana-anomeric nucleic acid sequence. An a-anomeric nucleic acid sequenceforms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which,contrary to the usual b-units, the strands run parallel to each other(Gaultier et al. (1987) Nucl Ac Res 15: 6625-6641). The antisensenucleic acid sequence may also comprise a 2′-o-methylribonucleotide(Inoue et al. (1987) Nucl Ac Res 15, 6131-6148) or a chimeric RNA-DNAanalogue (Inoue et al. (1987) FEBS Lett. 215, 327-330).

The reduction or substantial elimination of endogenous gene expressionmay also be performed using ribozymes. Ribozymes are catalytic RNAmolecules with ribonuclease activity that are capable of cleaving asingle-stranded nucleic acid sequence, such as an mRNA, to which theyhave a complementary region. Thus, ribozymes (e.g., hammerhead ribozymes(described in Haselhoff and Gerlach (1988) Nature 334, 585-591) can beused to catalytically cleave mRNA transcripts encoding a polypeptide,thereby substantially reducing the number of mRNA transcripts to betranslated into a polypeptide. A ribozyme having specificity for anucleic acid sequence can be designed (see for example: Cech et al. U.S.Pat. No. 4,987,071; and Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,742).Alternatively, mRNA transcripts corresponding to a nucleic acid sequencecan be used to select a catalytic RNA having a specific ribonucleaseactivity from a pool of RNA molecules (Bartel and Szostak (1993) Science261, 1411-1418). The use of ribozymes for gene silencing in plants isknown in the art (e.g., Atkins et al. (1994) WO 94/00012; Lenne et al.(1995) WO 95/03404; Lutziger et al. (2000) WO 00/00619; Prinsen et al.(1997) WO 97/13865 and Scott et al. (1997) WO 97/38116).

Gene silencing may also be achieved by insertion mutagenesis (forexample, T-DNA insertion or transposon insertion) or by strategies asdescribed by, among others, Angell and Baulcombe ((1999) Plant J 20(3):357-62), (Amplicon VIGS WO 98/36083), or Baulcombe (WO 99/15682).

Gene silencing may also occur if there is a mutation on an endogenousgene and/or a mutation on an isolated gene/nucleic acid subsequentlyintroduced into a plant. The reduction or substantial elimination may becaused by a non-functional polypeptide. For example, the polypeptide maybind to various interacting proteins; one or more mutation(s) and/ortruncation(s) may therefore provide for a polypeptide that is still ableto bind interacting proteins (such as receptor proteins) but that cannotexhibit its normal function (such as signalling ligand).

A further approach to gene silencing is by targeting nucleic acidsequences complementary to the regulatory region of the gene (e.g., thepromoter and/or enhancers) to form triple helical structures thatprevent transcription of the gene in target cells. See Helene, C.,Anticancer Drug Res. 6, 569-84, 1991; Helene et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad.Sci. 660, 27-36 1992; and Maher, L. J. Bioassays 14, 807-15, 1992.

Other methods, such as the use of antibodies directed to an endogenouspolypeptide for inhibiting its function in planta, or interference inthe signalling pathway in which a polypeptide is involved, will be wellknown to the skilled man. In particular, it can be envisaged thatmanmade molecules may be useful for inhibiting the biological functionof a target polypeptide, or for interfering with the signalling pathwayin which the target polypeptide is involved.

Alternatively, a screening program may be set up to identify in a plantpopulation natural variants of a gene, which variants encodepolypeptides with reduced activity. Such natural variants may also beused for example, to perform homologous recombination.

Artificial and/or natural microRNAs (miRNAs) may be used to knock outgene expression and/or mRNA translation. Endogenous miRNAs are singlestranded small RNAs of typically 19-24 nucleotides long. They functionprimarily to regulate gene expression and/or mRNA translation. Mostplant microRNAs (miRNAs) have perfect or near-perfect complementaritywith their target sequences. However, there are natural targets with upto five mismatches. They are processed from longer non-coding RNAs withcharacteristic fold-back structures by double-strand specific RNases ofthe Dicer family. Upon processing, they are incorporated in theRNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) by binding to its main component,an Argonaute protein. MiRNAs serve as the specificity components ofRISC, since they base-pair to target nucleic acids, mostly mRNAs, in thecytoplasm. Subsequent regulatory events include target mRNA cleavage anddestruction and/or translational inhibition. Effects of miRNAoverexpression are thus often reflected in decreased mRNA levels oftarget genes.

Artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs), which are typically 21 nucleotides inlength, can be genetically engineered specifically to negativelyregulate gene expression of single or multiple genes of interest.Determinants of plant microRNA target selection are well known in theart. Empirical parameters for target recognition have been defined andcan be used to aid in the design of specific amiRNAs, (Schwab et al.,Dev. Cell 8, 517-527, 2005). Convenient tools for design and generationof amiRNAs and their precursors are also available to the public (Schwabet al., Plant Cell 18, 1121-1133, 2006).

For optimal performance, the gene silencing techniques used for reducingexpression in a plant of an endogenous gene requires the use of nucleicacid sequences from monocotyledonous plants for transformation ofmonocotyledonous plants, and from dicotyledonous plants fortransformation of dicotyledonous plants. Preferably, a nucleic acidsequence from any given plant species is introduced into that samespecies. For example, a nucleic acid sequence from rice is transformedinto a rice plant. However, it is not an absolute requirement that thenucleic acid sequence to be introduced originates from the same plantspecies as the plant in which it will be introduced. It is sufficientthat there is substantial homology between the endogenous target geneand the nucleic acid to be introduced.

Described above are examples of various methods for the reduction orsubstantial elimination of expression in a plant of an endogenous gene.A person skilled in the art would readily be able to adapt theaforementioned methods for silencing so as to achieve reduction ofexpression of an endogenous gene in a whole plant or in parts thereofthrough the use of an appropriate promoter, for example.

Selectable Marker (Gene)/Reporter Gene

“Selectable marker”, “selectable marker gene” or “reporter gene”includes any gene that confers a phenotype on a cell in which it isexpressed to facilitate the identification and/or selection of cellsthat are transfected or transformed with a nucleic acid construct of theinvention. These marker genes enable the identification of a successfultransfer of the nucleic acid molecules via a series of differentprinciples. Suitable markers may be selected from markers that conferantibiotic or herbicide resistance, that introduce a new metabolic traitor that allow visual selection. Examples of selectable marker genesinclude genes conferring resistance to antibiotics (such as nptII thatphosphorylates neomycin and kanamycin, or hpt, phosphorylatinghygromycin, or genes conferring resistance to, for example, bleomycin,streptomycin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, gentamycin,geneticin (G418), spectinomycin or blasticidin), to herbicides (forexample bar which provides resistance to Basta®; aroA or gox providingresistance against glyphosate, or the genes conferring resistance to,for example, imidazolinone, phosphinothricin or sulfonylurea), or genesthat provide a metabolic trait (such as manA that allows plants to usemannose as sole carbon source or xylose isomerase for the utilisation ofxylose, or antinutritive markers such as the resistance to2-deoxyglucose). Expression of visual marker genes results in theformation of colour (for example β-glucuronidase, GUS or β-galactosidasewith its coloured substrates, for example X-Gal), luminescence (such asthe luciferin/luceferase system) or fluorescence (Green FluorescentProtein, GFP, and derivatives thereof). This list represents only asmall number of possible markers. The skilled worker is familiar withsuch markers. Different markers are preferred, depending on the organismand the selection method.

It is known that upon stable or transient integration of nucleic acidsinto plant cells, only a minority of the cells takes up the foreign DNAand, if desired, integrates it into its genome, depending on theexpression vector used and the transfection technique used. To identifyand select these integrants, a gene coding for a selectable marker (suchas the ones described above) is usually introduced into the host cellstogether with the gene of interest. These markers can for example beused in mutants in which these genes are not functional by, for example,deletion by conventional methods. Furthermore, nucleic acid moleculesencoding a selectable marker can be introduced into a host cell on thesame vector that comprises the sequence encoding the polypeptides of theinvention or used in the methods of the invention, or else in a separatevector. Cells which have been stably transfected with the introducednucleic acid can be identified for example by selection (for example,cells which have integrated the selectable marker survive whereas theother cells die).

Since the marker genes, particularly genes for resistance to antibioticsand herbicides, are no longer required or are undesired in thetransgenic host cell once the nucleic acids have been introducedsuccessfully, the process according to the invention for introducing thenucleic acids advantageously employs techniques which enable the removalor excision of these marker genes. One such a method is what is known asco-transformation. The co-transformation method employs two vectorssimultaneously for the transformation, one vector bearing the nucleicacid according to the invention and a second bearing the marker gene(s).A large proportion of transformants receives or, in the case of plants,comprises (up to 40% or more of the transformants), both vectors. Incase of transformation with Agrobacteria, the transformants usuallyreceive only a part of the vector, i.e. the sequence flanked by theT-DNA, which usually represents the expression cassette. The markergenes can subsequently be removed from the transformed plant byperforming crosses. In another method, marker genes integrated into atransposon are used for the transformation together with desired nucleicacid (known as the Ac/Ds technology). The transformants can be crossedwith a transposase source or the transformants are transformed with anucleic acid construct conferring expression of a transposase,transiently or stable. In some cases (approx. 10%), the transposon jumpsout of the genome of the host cell once transformation has taken placesuccessfully and is lost. In a further number of cases, the transposonjumps to a different location. In these cases the marker gene must beeliminated by performing crosses. In microbiology, techniques weredeveloped which make possible, or facilitate, the detection of suchevents. A further advantageous method relies on what is known asrecombination systems; whose advantage is that elimination by crossingcan be dispensed with. The best-known system of this type is what isknown as the Cre/lox system. Cre1 is a recombinase that removes thesequences located between the loxP sequences. If the marker gene isintegrated between the loxP sequences, it is removed once transformationhas taken place successfully, by expression of the recombinase. Furtherrecombination systems are the HIN/HIX, FLP/FRT and REP/STB system(Tribble et al., J. Biol. Chem., 275, 2000: 22255-22267; Velmurugan etal., J. Cell Biol., 149, 2000: 553-566). A site-specific integrationinto the plant genome of the nucleic acid sequences according to theinvention is possible. Naturally, these methods can also be applied tomicroorganisms such as yeast, fungi or bacteria.

Transgenic/Transgene/Recombinant

For the purposes of the invention, “transgenic”, “transgene” or“recombinant” means with regard to, for example, a nucleic acidsequence, an expression cassette, gene construct or a vector comprisingthe nucleic acid sequence or an organism transformed with the nucleicacid sequences, expression cassettes or vectors according to theinvention, all those constructions brought about by recombinant methodsin which either

-   -   (a) the nucleic acid sequences encoding proteins useful in the        methods of the invention, or    -   (b) genetic control sequence(s) which is operably linked with        the nucleic acid sequence according to the invention, for        example a promoter, or    -   (c) a) and b)        are not located in their natural genetic environment or have        been modified by recombinant methods, it being possible for the        modification to take the form of, for example, a substitution,        addition, deletion, inversion or insertion of one or more        nucleotide residues. The natural genetic environment is        understood as meaning the natural genomic or chromosomal locus        in the original plant or the presence in a genomic library. In        the case of a genomic library, the natural genetic environment        of the nucleic acid sequence is preferably retained, at least in        part. The environment flanks the nucleic acid sequence at least        on one side and has a sequence length of at least 50 bp,        preferably at least 500 bp, especially preferably at least 1000        bp, most preferably at least 5000 bp. A naturally occurring        expression cassette—for example the naturally occurring        combination of the natural promoter of the nucleic acid        sequences with the corresponding nucleic acid sequence encoding        a polypeptide useful in the methods of the present invention, as        defined above—becomes a transgenic expression cassette when this        expression cassette is modified by non-natural, synthetic        (“artificial”) methods such as, for example, mutagenic        treatment. Suitable methods are described, for example, in U.S.        Pat. No. 5,565,350 or WO 00/15815.

A transgenic plant for the purposes of the invention is thus understoodas meaning, as above, that the nucleic acids used in the method of theinvention are not at their natural locus in the genome of said plant, itbeing possible for the nucleic acids to be expressed homologously orheterologously. However, as mentioned, transgenic also means that, whilethe nucleic acids according to the invention or used in the inventivemethod are at their natural position in the genome of a plant, thesequence has been modified with regard to the natural sequence, and/orthat the regulatory sequences of the natural sequences have beenmodified. Transgenic is preferably understood as meaning the expressionof the nucleic acids according to the invention at an unnatural locus inthe genome, i.e. homologous or, preferably, heterologous expression ofthe nucleic acids takes place. Preferred transgenic plants are mentionedherein.

Transformation

The term “introduction” or “transformation” as referred to hereinencompasses the transfer of an exogenous polynucleotide into a hostcell, irrespective of the method used for transfer. Plant tissue capableof subsequent clonal propagation, whether by organogenesis orembryogenesis, may be transformed with a genetic construct of thepresent invention and a whole plant regenerated there from. Theparticular tissue chosen will vary depending on the clonal propagationsystems available for, and best suited to, the particular species beingtransformed. Exemplary tissue targets include leaf disks, pollen,embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyls, megagametophytes, callus tissue,existing meristematic tissue (e.g., apical meristem, axillary buds, androot meristems), and induced meristem tissue (e.g., cotyledon meristemand hypocotyl meristem). The polynucleotide may be transiently or stablyintroduced into a host cell and may be maintained non-integrated, forexample, as a plasmid. Alternatively, it may be integrated into the hostgenome. The resulting transformed plant cell may then be used toregenerate a transformed plant in a manner known to persons skilled inthe art.

The transfer of foreign genes into the genome of a plant is calledtransformation. Transformation of plant species is now a fairly routinetechnique. Advantageously, any of several transformation methods may beused to introduce the gene of interest into a suitable ancestor cell.The methods described for the transformation and regeneration of plantsfrom plant tissues or plant cells may be utilized for transient or forstable transformation. Transformation methods include the use ofliposomes, electroporation, chemicals that increase free DNA uptake,injection of the DNA directly into the plant, particle gun bombardment,transformation using viruses or pollen and microprojection. Methods maybe selected from the calcium/polyethylene glycol method for protoplasts(Krens, F. A. et al., (1982) Nature 296, 72-74; Negrutiu I et al. (1987)Plant Mol Biol 8: 363-373); electroporation of protoplasts (Shillito R.D. et al. (1985) Bio/Technol 3, 1099-1102); microinjection into plantmaterial (Crossway A et al., (1986) Mol. Gen Genet 202: 179-185); DNA orRNA-coated particle bombardment (Klein T M et al., (1987) Nature 327:70) infection with (non-integrative) viruses and the like. Transgenicplants, including transgenic crop plants, are preferably produced viaAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. An advantageous transformationmethod is the transformation in planta. To this end, it is possible, forexample, to allow the agrobacteria to act on plant seeds or to inoculatethe plant meristem with agrobacteria. It has proved particularlyexpedient in accordance with the invention to allow a suspension oftransformed agrobacteria to act on the intact plant or at least on theflower primordia. The plant is subsequently grown on until the seeds ofthe treated plant are obtained (Clough and Bent, Plant J. (1998) 16,735-743). Methods for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of riceinclude well known methods for rice transformation, such as thosedescribed in any of the following: European patent application EP1198985 A1, Aldemita and Hodges (Planta 199: 612-617, 1996); Chan et al.(Plant Mol Biol 22 (3): 491-506, 1993), Hiei et al. (Plant J 6 (2):271-282, 1994), which disclosures are incorporated by reference hereinas if fully set forth. In the case of corn transformation, the preferredmethod is as described in either Ishida et al. (Nat. Biotechnol 14(6):745-50, 1996) or Frame et al. (Plant Physiol 129(1): 13-22, 2002), whichdisclosures are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth.Said methods are further described by way of example in B. Jenes et al.,Techniques for Gene Transfer, in: Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineeringand Utilization, eds. S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Academic Press (1993)128-143 and in Potrykus Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Molec. Biol. 42(1991) 205-225). The nucleic acids or the construct to be expressed ispreferably cloned into a vector, which is suitable for transformingAgrobacterium tumefaciens, for example pBin19 (Bevan et al., Nucl. AcidsRes. 12 (1984) 8711). Agrobacteria transformed by such a vector can thenbe used in known manner for the transformation of plants, such as plantsused as a model, like Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana is within thescope of the present invention not considered as a crop plant), or cropplants such as, by way of example, tobacco plants, for example byimmersing bruised leaves or chopped leaves in an agrobacterial solutionand then culturing them in suitable media. The transformation of plantsby means of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is described, for example, byHöfgen and Willmitzer in Nucl. Acid Res. (1988) 16, 9877 or is knowninter alia from F. F. White, Vectors for Gene Transfer in Higher Plants;in Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineering and Utilization, eds. S. D.Kung and R. Wu, Academic Press, 1993, pp. 15-38.

In addition to the transformation of somatic cells, which then have tobe regenerated into intact plants, it is also possible to transform thecells of plant meristems and in particular those cells which developinto gametes. In this case, the transformed gametes follow the naturalplant development, giving rise to transgenic plants. Thus, for example,seeds of Arabidopsis are treated with agrobacteria and seeds areobtained from the developing plants of which a certain proportion istransformed and thus transgenic [Feldman, K A and Marks M D (1987). MolGen Genet. 208:274-289; Feldmann K (1992). In: C Koncz, N-H Chua and JShell, eds, Methods in Arabidopsis Research. Word Scientific, Singapore,pp. 274-289]. Alternative methods are based on the repeated removal ofthe inflorescences and incubation of the excision site in the center ofthe rosette with transformed agrobacteria, whereby transformed seeds canlikewise be obtained at a later point in time (Chang (1994). Plant J. 5:551-558; Katavic (1994). Mol Gen Genet, 245: 363-370). However, anespecially effective method is the vacuum infiltration method with itsmodifications such as the “floral dip” method. In the case of vacuuminfiltration of Arabidopsis, intact plants under reduced pressure aretreated with an agrobacterial suspension [Bechthold, N (1993). C R AcadSci Paris Life Sci, 316: 1194-1199], while in the case of the “floraldip” method the developing floral tissue is incubated briefly with asurfactant-treated agrobacterial suspension [Clough, S J and Bent A F(1998) The Plant J. 16, 735-743]. A certain proportion of transgenicseeds are harvested in both cases, and these seeds can be distinguishedfrom non-transgenic seeds by growing under the above-described selectiveconditions. In addition the stable transformation of plastids is ofadvantages because plastids are inherited maternally is most cropsreducing or eliminating the risk of transgene flow through pollen. Thetransformation of the chloroplast genome is generally achieved by aprocess which has been schematically displayed in Klaus et al., 2004[Nature Biotechnology 22 (2), 225-229]. Briefly the sequences to betransformed are cloned together with a selectable marker gene betweenflanking sequences homologous to the chloroplast genome. Thesehomologous flanking sequences direct site specific integration into theplastome. Plastidal transformation has been described for many differentplant species and an overview is given in Bock (2001) Transgenicplastids in basic research and plant biotechnology. J Mol. Biol. 2001Sep. 21; 312 (3):425-38 or Maliga, P (2003) Progress towardscommercialization of plastid transformation technology. TrendsBiotechnol. 21, 20-28. Further biotechnological progress has recentlybeen reported in form of marker free plastid transformants, which can beproduced by a transient co-integrated maker gene (Klaus et al., 2004,Nature Biotechnology 22(2), 225-229).

T-DNA Activation Tagging

T-DNA activation tagging (Hayashi et al. Science (1992) 1350-1353),involves insertion of T-DNA, usually containing a promoter (may also bea translation enhancer or an intron), in the genomic region of the geneof interest or 10 kb up- or downstream of the coding region of a gene ina configuration such that the promoter directs expression of thetargeted gene. Typically, regulation of expression of the targeted geneby its natural promoter is disrupted and the gene falls under thecontrol of the newly introduced promoter. The promoter is typicallyembedded in a T-DNA. This T-DNA is randomly inserted into the plantgenome, for example, through Agrobacterium infection and leads tomodified expression of genes near the inserted T-DNA. The resultingtransgenic plants show dominant phenotypes due to modified expression ofgenes close to the introduced promoter.

TILLING

The term “TILLING” is an abbreviation of “Targeted Induced Local LesionsIn Genomes” and refers to a mutagenesis technology useful to generateand/or identify nucleic acids encoding proteins with modified expressionand/or activity. TILLING also allows selection of plants carrying suchmutant variants. These mutant variants may exhibit modified expression,either in strength or in location or in timing (if the mutations affectthe promoter for example). These mutant variants may exhibit higheractivity than that exhibited by the gene in its natural form. TILLINGcombines high-density mutagenesis with high-throughput screeningmethods. The steps typically followed in TILLING are: (a) EMSmutagenesis (Redei G P and Koncz C (1992) In Methods in ArabidopsisResearch, Koncz C, Chua N H, Schell J, eds. Singapore, World ScientificPublishing Co, pp. 16-82; Feldmann et al., (1994) In Meyerowitz E M,Somerville C R, eds, Arabidopsis. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., pp 137-172; Lightner J and Caspar T (1998) InJ Martinez-Zapater, J Salinas, eds, Methods on Molecular Biology, Vol.82. Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., pp 91-104); (b) DNA preparation andpooling of individuals; (c) PCR amplification of a region of interest;(d) denaturation and annealing to allow formation of heteroduplexes; (e)DHPLC, where the presence of a heteroduplex in a pool is detected as anextra peak in the chromatogram; (f) identification of the mutantindividual; and (g) sequencing of the mutant PCR product. Methods forTILLING are well known in the art (McCallum et al., (2000) NatBiotechnol 18: 455-457; reviewed by Stemple (2004) Nat Rev Genet. 5(2):145-50).

Homologous Recombination

Homologous recombination allows introduction in a genome of a selectednucleic acid at a defined selected position. Homologous recombination isa standard technology used routinely in biological sciences for lowerorganisms such as yeast or the moss Physcomitrella. Methods forperforming homologous recombination in plants have been described notonly for model plants (Offringa et al. (1990) EMBO J. 9(10): 3077-84)but also for crop plants, for example rice (Terada et al. (2002) NatBiotech 20(10): 1030-4; lida and Terada (2004) Curr Opin Biotech 15(2):132-8), and approaches exist that are generally applicable regardless ofthe target organism (Miller et al, Nature Biotechnol. 25, 778-785,2007).

Yield

The term “yield” in general means a measurable produce of economicvalue, typically related to a specified crop, to an area, and to aperiod of time. Individual plant parts directly contribute to yieldbased on their number, size and/or weight, or the actual yield is theyield per square meter for a crop and year, which is determined bydividing total production (includes both harvested and appraisedproduction) by planted square meters. The term “yield” of a plant mayrelate to vegetative biomass (root and/or shoot biomass), toreproductive organs, and/or to propagules (such as seeds) of that plant.

Early Vigour

“Early vigour” refers to active healthy well-balanced growth especiallyduring early stages of plant growth, and may result from increased plantfitness due to, for example, the plants being better adapted to theirenvironment (i.e. optimizing the use of energy resources andpartitioning between shoot and root). Plants having early vigour alsoshow increased seedling survival and a better establishment of the crop,which often results in highly uniform fields (with the crop growing inuniform manner, i.e. with the majority of plants reaching the variousstages of development at substantially the same time), and often betterand higher yield. Therefore, early vigour may be determined by measuringvarious factors, such as thousand kernel weight, percentage germination,percentage emergence, seedling growth, seedling height, root length,root and shoot biomass and many more.

Increase/Improve/Enhance

The terms “increase”, “improve” or “enhance” are interchangeable andshall mean in the sense of the application at least a 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%,7%, 8%, 9% or 10%, preferably at least 15% or 20%, more preferably 25%,30%, 35% or 40% more yield and/or growth in comparison to control plantsas defined herein.

Seed Yield

Increased seed yield may manifest itself as one or more of thefollowing: a) an increase in seed biomass (total seed weight) which maybe on an individual seed basis and/or per plant and/or per square meter;b) increased number of flowers per plant; c) increased number of(filled) seeds; d) increased seed filling rate (which is expressed asthe ratio between the number of filled seeds divided by the total numberof seeds); e) increased harvest index, which is expressed as a ratio ofthe yield of harvestable parts, such as seeds, divided by the totalbiomass; and f) increased thousand kernel weight (TKW), which isextrapolated from the number of filled seeds counted and their totalweight. An increased TKW may result from an increased seed size and/orseed weight, and may also result from an increase in embryo and/orendosperm size.

An increase in seed yield may also be manifested as an increase in seedsize and/or seed volume. Furthermore, an increase in seed yield may alsomanifest itself as an increase in seed area and/or seed length and/orseed width and/or seed perimeter. Increased yield may also result inmodified architecture, or may occur because of modified architecture.

Greenness Index

The “greenness index” as used herein is calculated from digital imagesof plants. For each pixel belonging to the plant object on the image,the ratio of the green value versus the red value (in the RGB model forencoding color) is calculated. The greenness index is expressed as thepercentage of pixels for which the green-to-red ratio exceeds a giventhreshold. Under normal growth conditions, under salt stress growthconditions, and under reduced nutrient availability growth conditions,the greenness index of plants is measured in the last imaging beforeflowering. In contrast, under drought stress growth conditions, thegreenness index of plants is measured in the first imaging afterdrought.

Plant

The term “plant” as used herein encompasses whole plants, ancestors andprogeny of the plants and plant parts, including seeds, shoots, stems,leaves, roots (including tubers), flowers, and tissues and organs,wherein each of the aforementioned comprise the gene/nucleic acid ofinterest. The term “plant” also encompasses plant cells, suspensioncultures, callus tissue, embryos, meristematic regions, gametophytes,sporophytes, pollen and microspores, again wherein each of theaforementioned comprises the gene/nucleic acid of interest.

Plants that are particularly useful in the methods of the inventioninclude all plants which belong to the superfamily Viridiplantae, inparticular monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants including fodderor forage legumes, ornamental plants, food crops, trees or shrubsselected from the list comprising Acer spp., Actinidia spp., Abelmoschusspp., Agave sisalana, Agropyron spp., Agrostis stolonifera, Allium spp.,Amaranthus spp., Ammophila arenaria, Ananas comosus, Annona spp., Apiumgraveolens, Arachis spp, Artocarpus spp., Asparagus officinalis, Avenaspp. (e.g. Avena sativa, Avena fatua, Avena byzantina, Avena fatua var.sativa, Avena hybrida), Averrhoa carambola, Bambusa sp., Benincasahispida, Bertholletia excelsea, Beta vulgaris, Brassica spp. (e.g.Brassica napus, Brassica rapa ssp. [canola, oilseed rape, turnip rape]),Cadaba farinosa, Camellia sinensis, Canna indica, Cannabis sativa,Capsicum spp., Carex elata, Carica papaya, Carissa macrocarpa, Caryaspp., Carthamus tinctorius, Castanea spp., Ceiba pentandra, Cichoriumendivia, Cinnamomum spp., Citrullus lanatus, Citrus spp., Cocos spp.,Coffea spp., Colocasia esculenta, Cola spp., Corchorus sp., Coriandrumsativum, Corylus spp., Crataegus spp., Crocus sativus, Cucurbita spp.,Cucumis spp., Cynara spp., Daucus carota, Desmodium spp., Dimocarpuslongan, Dioscorea spp., Diospyros spp., Echinochloa spp., Elaeis (e.g.Elaeis guineensis, Elaeis oleifera), Eleusine coracana, Erianthus sp.,Eriobotrya japonica, Eucalyptus sp., Eugenia uniflora, Fagopyrum spp.,Fagus spp., Festuca arundinacea, Ficus carica, Fortunella spp., Fragariaspp., Ginkgo biloba, Glycine spp. (e.g. Glycine max, Soja hispida orSoja max), Gossypium hirsutum, Helianthus spp. (e.g. Helianthus annuus),Hemerocallis fulva, Hibiscus spp., Hordeum spp. (e.g. Hordeum vulgare),Ipomoea batatas, Juglans spp., Lactuca sativa, Lathyrus spp., Lensculinaris, Linum usitatissimum, Litchi chinensis, Lotus spp., Luffaacutangula, Lupinus spp., Luzula sylvatica, Lycopersicon spp. (e.g.Lycopersicon esculentum, Lycopersicon lycopersicum, Lycopersiconpyriforme), Macrotyloma spp., Malus spp., Malpighia emarginata, Mammeaamericana, Mangifera indica, Manihot spp., Manilkara zapota, Medicagosativa, Melilotus spp., Mentha spp., Miscanthus sinensis, Momordicaspp., Morus nigra, Musa spp., Nicotiana spp., Olea spp., Opuntia spp.,Ornithopus spp., Oryza spp. (e.g. Oryza sativa, Oryza latifolia),Panicum miliaceum, Panicum virgatum, Passiflora edulis, Pastinacasativa, Pennisetum sp., Persea spp., Petroselinum crispum, Phalarisarundinacea, Phaseolus spp., Phleum pratense, Phoenix spp., Phragmitesaustralis, Physalis spp., Pinus spp., Pistacia vera, Pisum spp., Poaspp., Populus spp., Prosopis spp., Prunus spp., Psidium spp., Punicagranatum, Pyrus communis, Quercus spp., Raphanus sativus, Rheumrhabarbarum, Ribes spp., Ricinus communis, Rubus spp., Saccharum spp.,Salix sp., Sambucus spp., Secale cereale, Sesamum spp., Sinapis sp.,Solanum spp. (e.g. Solanum tuberosum, Solanum integrifolium or Solanumlycopersicum), Sorghum bicolor, Spinacia spp., Syzygium spp., Tagetesspp., Tamarindus indica, Theobroma cacao, Trifolium spp., Triticosecalerimpaui, Triticum spp. (e.g. Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, Triticumturgidum, Triticum hybernum, Triticum macha, Triticum sativum orTriticum vulgare), Tropaeolum minus, Tropaeolum majus, Vaccinium spp.,Vicia spp., Vigna spp., Viola odorata, Vitis spp., Zea mays, Zizaniapalustris, Ziziphus spp., amongst others.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Class I TCP

Surprisingly, it has now been found that increasing expression in aplant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a YEP, which YEP is a Class ITCP polypeptide, gives plants having increased seed yield relative tocontrol plants. The particular type of Class I TCP polypeptides suitablefor increasing seed yield in plants is described in detail below.

The present invention provides a method for increasing seed yield inplants relative to control plants, comprising increasing expression in aplant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide.

In the context of this embodiment, any reference to a “polypeptideuseful in the methods of the invention” is taken to mean a Class I TCPpolypeptide as defined herein. Any reference hereinafter to a “nucleicacid sequence useful in the methods of the invention” is taken to mean anucleic acid sequence capable of encoding such a Class I TCPpolypeptide.

The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably hereinand refer to amino acids in a polymeric form of any length. The termsare also defined in the “Definitions” section herein. The terms“polynucleotide(s)”, “nucleic acid sequence(s)”, “nucleotidesequence(s)” are also defined in the “Definitions” section herein

The increase in seed yield achieved by performing the methods of theinvention is an increase relative to control plants. The term “controlplants” is defined in the “Definitions” section herein.

A preferred method for increasing expression of a nucleic acid sequenceencoding a Class I TCP polypeptide is by introducing and expressing in aplant a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide usefulin the methods of the invention as defined below.

The nucleic acid sequence to be introduced into a plant (and thereforeuseful in performing the methods of the invention) is any nucleic acidsequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide, hereinafter also named“Class I TCP nucleic acid sequence” or “Class I TCP gene”. A “Class ITCP polypeptide” as defined herein refers to a polypeptide comprisingfrom N-terminus to C-terminus: (i) in increasing order of preference atleast 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 98% or more sequence identityto the conserved TCP domain (comprising a basic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH))as represented by SEQ ID NO: 66; and (ii) a consensus C-terminal motif 1as represented by SEQ ID: 65.

The presence of a conserved TCP domain (comprising abasic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH)) was determined as shown in Examples 2, 3,4, and 5. The calculation of percentage amino acid identity of SEQ IDNO: 66 with the conserved TCP domain of Class I TCP polypeptides usefulin performing the methods of the invention is shown in Example 3 (TableB1).

Within the consensus C-terminal motif 1 as represented by SEQ ID: 65,there may be one or more conservative change at any position, and/orone, two or three non-conservative change(s) at any position. Thepresence of this motif was determined as shown in Example 2. By“C-terminal” is meant herein the half of the polypeptide sequencecomprising the carboxy (C) terminus (the other half comprising the amino(N) terminus). By “consensus C-terminal motif 1” is herein taken to meanthat the consensus motif 1 is comprised with the C-terminal half of thepolypeptide sequence.

Additionally, the Class I TCP polypeptide may comprise an HQ rich region(H being histidine, Q glutamine), between the conserved C-terminal motif1 and the C-terminal end of the polypeptide. The HQ rich regioncomprises at least four, preferably 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more either of only H residues, either of onlyQ residues, or of a combination of H and Q residues (in any proportion).The presence of this motif was determined as described in Examples 2 and4. By “C-terminal end” of the polypeptide is herein taken to mean thelast amino acid residue of the polypeptide sequence.

Alternatively or additionally, a “Class I TCP polypeptide” as definedherein refers to any polypeptide sequence which when used in theconstruction of a TCP phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted inFIG. 1, tends to cluster with the clade of TCP polypeptides comprisingthe polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 (encircled inFIG. 1) rather than with any other TCP clade.

A person skilled in the art could readily determine whether anypolypeptide sequence in question falls within the definition of a “ClassI TCP polypeptide” using known techniques and software for the making ofsuch a phylogenetic tree, such as a GCG, EBI or CLUSTAL package, usingdefault parameters. Any sequence clustering within the clade comprisingSEQ ID NO: 2 (encircled in FIG. 1) would be considered to fall withinthe aforementioned definition of a Class I TCP polypeptide, and would beconsidered suitable for use in the methods of the invention.

Examples of polypeptides useful in the methods of the invention andnucleic acid sequences encoding the same are as given below in Table Aof Example 1.

Also useful in the methods of the invention are homologues of any one ofthe polypeptide sequences given in Table A of Example 1, the term“homologue” being as defined in the “Definitions” section herein.

Also useful in the methods of the invention are derivatives of any oneof the polypeptides given in Table A of Example 1. The term“Derivatives” is as defined in the “Definitions” section herein.

The invention is illustrated by transforming plants with the Arabidopsisthaliana nucleic acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, encoding thepolypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, however performance of theinvention is not restricted to these sequences. The methods of theinvention may advantageously be performed using any nucleic acidsequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide useful in the methods of theinvention as defined herein, including orthologues and paralogues, suchas any of the nucleic acid sequences given in Table A of Example 1.

The polypeptide sequences given in Table A of Example 1 may beconsidered to be orthologues and paralogues of the Class I TCPpolypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 2. The terms “Orthologues” and“paralogues” are as defined herein.

Orthologues and paralogues may easily be found by performing a so-calledreciprocal blast search. Typically, this involves a first BLASTinvolving BLASTing a query sequence (for example using any of thesequences listed in Table A of Example 1) against any sequence database,such as the publicly available NCBI database. BLASTN or TBLASTX (usingstandard default values) are generally used when starting from anucleotide sequence, and BLASTP or TBLASTN (using standard defaultvalues) when starting from a polypeptide sequence. The BLAST results mayoptionally be filtered. The full-length sequences of either the filteredresults or non-filtered results are then BLASTed back (second BLAST)against sequences from the organism from which the query sequence isderived (where the query sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, thesecond BLAST would therefore be against Arabidopsis thaliana sequences).The results of the first and second BLASTs are then compared. Aparalogue is identified if a high-ranking hit from the first blast isfrom the same species as from which the query sequence is derived, aBLAST back then ideally results in the query sequence as highest hit; anorthologue is identified if a high-ranking hit in the first BLAST is notfrom the same species as from which the query sequence is derived, andpreferably results upon BLAST back in the query sequence being among thehighest hits.

High-ranking hits are those having a low E-value. The lower the E-value,the more significant the score (or in other words the lower the chancethat the hit was found by chance). Computation of the E-value is wellknown in the art. In addition to E-values, comparisons are also scoredby percentage identity. Percentage identity refers to the number ofidentical nucleotides (or amino acids) between the two compared nucleicacid (or polypeptide) sequences over a particular length. In the case oflarge families, ClustalW may be used, followed by a neighbour joiningtree, to help visualize clustering of related genes and to identifyorthologues and paralogues.

Table A of Example 1 gives examples of orthologues and paralogues of theClass I TCP polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO 2. Further orthologuesand paralogues may readily be identified using the BLAST proceduredescribed above. The methods of the invention may advantageously beperformed using any nucleic acid sequence encoding any one of the ClassI TCP polypeptide as given in Table A or orthologues or paralogues ofany of the aforementioned SEQ ID NOs.

The polypeptides of the invention are identifiable by the presence of aconserved TCP domain (comprising a basic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH)) (shownin FIG. 3A). The term “domain” is as defined in the “Definitions”section herein.

The term “motif”, or “consensus sequence”, or “signature” is as definedin the “Definitions” section herein.

Specialist databases also exist for the identification of domains, forexample, SMART (Schultz et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95,5857-5864; Letunic et al. (2002) Nucleic Acids Res 30, 242-244, InterPro(Mulder et al., (2003) Nucl. Acids. Res. 31, 315-318, Prosite (Bucherand Bairoch (1994), A generalized profile syntax for biomolecularsequences motifs and its function in automatic sequence interpretation.(In) ISMB-94; Proceedings 2nd International Conference on IntelligentSystems for Molecular Biology. Altman R., Brutlag D., Karp P., LathropR., Searls D., Eds., pp 53-61, AAAIPress, Menlo Park; Hulo et al., Nucl.Acids. Res. 32:D134-D137, (2004), or Pfam (Bateman et al., Nucleic AcidsResearch 30(1): 276-280 (2002). A set of tools for in silico analysis ofprotein sequences is available on the ExPASY proteomics server (hostedby the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (Gasteiger et al., ExPASy: theproteomics server for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis, NucleicAcids Res. 31:3784-3788 (2003)).

Domains may also be identified using routine techniques, such as bysequence alignment. Methods for the alignment of sequences forcomparison are well known in the art, such methods include GAP, BESTFIT,BLAST, FASTA and TFASTA. GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch((1970) J Mol Biol 48: 443-453) to find the global (i.e. spanning thecomplete sequences) alignment of two sequences that maximizes the numberof matches and minimizes the number of gaps. The BLAST algorithm(Altschul et al. (1990) J Mol Biol 215: 403-10) calculates percentsequence identity and performs a statistical analysis of the similaritybetween the two sequences. The software for performing BLAST analysis ispublicly available through the National Centre for BiotechnologyInformation (NCBI). Homologues, orthologues and paralogues may readilybe identified using, for example, the ClustalW multiple sequencealignment algorithm (version 1.83), with the default pairwise alignmentparameters, and a scoring method in percentage. Global percentages ofsimilarity and identity may also be determined using one of the methodsavailable in the MatGAT software package (Campanella et al., BMCBioinformatics. 2003 Jul. 10; 4:29. MatGAT: an application thatgenerates similarity/identity matrices using protein or DNA sequences.).Minor manual editing may be performed to optimise alignment betweenconserved motifs, as would be apparent to a person skilled in the art.Furthermore, instead of using full-length sequences for theidentification of homologues, specific domains (such as the conservedTCP domain, or one of the motifs defined above) may be used as well. Thesequence identity values, which are indicated below in Example 3 as apercentage were determined over the entire nucleic acid or polypeptidesequence (Table B), and/or over selected domains or conserved motif(s)(Table B1), using the programs mentioned above using the defaultparameters.

Furthermore, the presence of regions rich in specific amino acids (suchas the HQ region) may identified using computer algorithms or simply byeye inspection. For the former, primary amino acid composition (in %) todetermine if a polypeptide region is rich in specific amino acids may becalculated using software programs from the ExPASy server, in particularthe ProtParam tool (Gasteiger E et al. (2003) ExPASy: the proteomicsserver for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis. Nucleic Acids Res31:3784-3788). The composition of the polypeptide of interest may thenbe compared to the average amino acid composition (in %) in theSwiss-Prot Protein Sequence data bank. For example, in this databank,the average histidine content is of 2.27%, the average glutamine contentis of 3.93%. A polypeptide region is rich in a specific amino acid ifthe content of that specific amino acid in that domain is above theaverage amino acid composition (in %) in the Swiss-Prot Protein Sequencedata bank. A HQ rich region therefore has either an H content above2.27%, and/or a G content above 3.93%. For the latter, eye inspection ofthe multiple sequence alignment of Class I TCP polypeptides of Table A,shows an HQ rich region (H being histidine, Q glutamine), between theconserved C-terminal motif 1 and the C-terminal end of the polypeptides.The HQ rich region comprises at least four, preferably 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more either of only Hresidues, either of only Q residues, or of a combination of H and Qresidues (in any proportion). The presence of this motif was determinedas shown in Examples 2 and 4.

Furthermore, Class I TCP polypeptides (at least in their native form)typically have DNA activity. Further details on testing for thisspecific DNA binding activity are provided in Example 6.

Nucleic acid sequences encoding Class I TCP polypeptides useful in themethods of the invention need not be full-length nucleic acid sequences,since performance of the methods of the invention does not rely on theuse of full-length nucleic acid sequences. Examples of nucleic acidsequences suitable for use in performing the methods of the inventioninclude the nucleic acid sequences given in Table A of Example 1, butare not limited to those sequences. Nucleic acid variants may also beuseful in practising the methods of the invention. Examples of suchnucleic acid variants include portions of nucleic acid sequencesencoding a Class I TCP polypeptide nucleic acid sequences hybridising tonucleic acid sequences encoding a Class I TCP, splice variants ofnucleic acid sequences encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide, allelicvariants of nucleic acid sequences encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide,variants of nucleic acid sequences encoding a Class I TCP polypeptidethat are obtained by gene shuffling, or variants of nucleic acidsequences encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide that are obtained bysite-directed mutagenesis. The terms portion, hybridising sequence,splice variant, allelic variant, variant obtained by gene shuffling, andvariant obtained by site-directed mutagenesis will now be described andare also defined in the “Definitions” section herein.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forincreasing seed yield in plants, comprising introducing and expressingin a plant a portion of any one of the nucleic acid sequences given inTable A of Example 1, or a portion of a nucleic acid sequence encodingan orthologue, paralogue or homologue of any of the polypeptidesequences given in Table A of Example 1.

Portions useful in the methods of the invention, encode a polypeptidefalling within the definition of a nucleic acid sequence encoding aClass I TCP polypeptide as defined herein and having substantially thesame biological activity as the polypeptide sequences given in Table Aof Example 1. Preferably, the portion is a portion of any one of thenucleic acid sequences given in Table A of Example 1. The portion istypically at least 600 consecutive nucleotides in length, preferably atleast 700 consecutive nucleotides in length, more preferably at least800 consecutive nucleotides in length and most preferably at least 900consecutive nucleotides in length, the consecutive nucleotides being ofany one of the nucleic acid sequences given in Table A of Example 1.Preferably, the portion encodes a Class I TCP polypeptide sequencecomprising from N-terminus to C-terminus: (i) in increasing order ofpreference at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 98% or moresequence identity to the conserved TCP domain (comprising abasic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH)) as represented by SEQ ID NO: 66; and (ii)a consensus C-terminal motif 1 as represented by SEQ ID: 65.Alternatively or additionally, the portion encodes a polypeptidesequence which when used in the construction of a TCP phylogenetic tree,such as the one depicted in FIG. 1, tends to cluster with the clade ofTCP polypeptides comprising the polypeptide sequence as represented bySEQ ID NO: 2 (encircled in FIG. 1) rather than with any other TCP clade.Most preferably, the portion is a portion of the nucleic acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 1.

A portion of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptideas defined herein may be prepared, for example, by making one or moredeletions to the nucleic acid sequence. The portions may be used inisolated form or they may be fused to other coding (or non coding)sequences in order to, for example, produce a polypeptide that combinesseveral activities. When fused to other coding sequences, the resultantpolypeptide produced upon translation may be bigger than that predictedfor the Class I TCP polypeptide portion.

Another nucleic acid variant useful in the methods of the invention is anucleic acid sequence capable of hybridising, under reduced stringencyconditions, preferably under stringent conditions, with a nucleic acidsequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide as defined herein, or with aportion as defined herein.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forincreasing seed yield in plants, comprising introducing and expressingin a plant a nucleic acid sequence capable of hybridising, under reducedstringency conditions, preferably under stringent conditions, with anyone of the nucleic acid sequences given in Table A of Example 1, or witha nucleic acid sequence encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologueof any of the polypeptide sequences given in Table A of Example 1.

Hybridising sequences useful in the methods of the invention, encode apolypeptide having a conserved TCP domain (see the alignment of FIG. 2)and having substantially the same biological activity as the Class I TCPpolypeptide represented by any of the polypeptide sequences given inTable A of Example 1. The hybridising sequence is typically at least 600consecutive nucleotides in length, preferably at least 700 consecutivenucleotides in length, more preferably at least 800 consecutivenucleotides in length and most preferably at least 900 consecutivenucleotides in length, the consecutive nucleotides being of any one ofthe nucleic acid sequences given in Table A of Example 1. Preferably,the hybridising sequence is one that is capable of hybridising to any ofthe nucleic acid sequences given in Table A of Example 1, or to aportion of any of these sequences, a portion being as defined above.Further preferably, the hybridising sequence encodes a Class I TCPpolypeptide sequence comprising from N-terminus to C-terminus: (i) inincreasing order of preference at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95% or 98% or more sequence identity to the conserved TCP domain(comprising a basic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH)) as represented by SEQ IDNO: 66; and (ii) a consensus C-terminal motif 1 as represented by SEQID: 65. Alternatively or additionally, the hybridising sequence encodesa polypeptide sequence which when used in the construction of a TCPphylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 1, tends to clusterwith the clade of TCP polypeptides comprising the polypeptide sequenceas represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 (encircled in FIG. 1) rather than withany other TCP clade. Most preferably, the hybridising sequence iscapable of hybridising to a nucleic acid sequence as represented by SEQID NO: 1 or to a portion thereof.

The term “hybridisation” is as defined herein.

Another nucleic acid variant useful in the methods of the invention is asplice variant encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide as definedhereinabove. The term “splice variant” is as defined in the“Definitions” section herein.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forincreasing seed yield in plants, comprising introducing and expressingin a plant a splice variant of any one of the nucleic acid sequencesgiven in Table A of Example 1, or a splice variant of a nucleic acidsequence encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of any of thepolypeptide sequences given in Table A of Example 1.

Preferably, the Class I TCP polypeptide sequence encoded by the splicevariant comprises from N-terminus to C-terminus: (i) in increasing orderof preference at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 98% or moresequence identity to the conserved TCP domain (comprising abasic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH)) as represented by SEQ ID NO: 66; and (ii)a consensus C-terminal motif 1 as represented by SEQ ID: 65.Alternatively or additionally, the polypeptide sequence encoded by thesplice variant encodes a polypeptide sequence which when used in theconstruction of a TCP phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted inFIG. 1, tends to cluster with the clade of TCP polypeptides comprisingthe polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 (encircled inFIG. 1) rather than with any other TCP clade. Most preferred splicevariants are splice variants of a nucleic acid sequence represented bySEQ ID NO: 1 or a splice variant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding anorthologue or paralogue of SEQ ID NO: 2.

Another nucleic acid variant useful in performing the methods of theinvention is an allelic variant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding aClass I TCP polypeptide as defined hereinabove. The term “allelicvariant” is as defined in the “Definitions” section herein. The allelicvariants useful in the methods of the present invention havesubstantially the same biological activity as the Class I TCPpolypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forincreasing seed yield in plants, comprising introducing and expressingin a plant an allelic variant of any one of the nucleic acid sequencesgiven in Table A of Example 1, or comprising introducing and expressingin a plant an allelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue,paralogue or homologue of any of the polypeptide sequences given inTable A of Example 1.

Preferably, the Class I TCP polypeptide sequence encoded by the allelicvariant comprises from N-terminus to C-terminus: (i) in increasing orderof preference at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 98% or moresequence identity to the conserved TCP domain (comprising abasic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH)) as represented by SEQ ID NO: 66; and (ii)a consensus C-terminal motif 1 as represented by SEQ ID: 65.Alternatively or additionally, the polypeptide sequence encoded by thesplice variant, when used in the construction of a TCP phylogenetictree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 1, tends to cluster with theclade of TCP polypeptides comprising the polypeptide sequencerepresented by SEQ ID NO: 2 (encircled in FIG. 2) rather than with anyother TCP clade. Most preferably, the allelic variant is an allelicvariant of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an allelic variant of a nucleic acid sequenceencoding an orthologue or paralogue of SEQ ID NO: 2.

A further nucleic acid variant useful in the methods of the invention isa nucleic acid variant obtained by gene shuffling. Gene shuffling ordirected evolution is defined in the “Definitions” section herein.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forincreasing seed yield in plants, comprising introducing and expressingin a plant a variant of any one of the nucleic acid sequences given inTable A of Example 1, or comprising introducing and expressing in aplant a variant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an orthologue,paralogue or homologue of any of the polypeptide sequences given inTable A of Example 1, which variant nucleic acid sequence is obtained bygene shuffling.

Preferably, the variant nucleic acid sequence obtained by gene shufflingencodes a polypeptide sequence comprising comprising from N-terminus toC-terminus: (i) in increasing order of preference at least 65%, 70%,75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 98% or more sequence identity to theconserved TCP domain (comprising a basic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH)) asrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 66; and (ii) a consensus C-terminal motif 1 asrepresented by SEQ ID: 65. Alternatively or additionally, thepolypeptide encoded sequence by the variant nucleic acid sequenceobtained by gene shuffling, when used in the construction of a TCPphylogenetic tree such as the one depicted in FIG. 1, tends to clusterwith the clade of TCP polypeptides comprising the polypeptide sequencerepresented by SEQ ID NO: 2 (encircled in FIG. 2) rather than with anyother TCP clade. Most preferably, the variant nucleic acid sequenceobtained by gene shuffling is a variant of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant ofa nucleic acid sequence encoding an orthologue or paralogue of SEQ IDNO: 2, obtained by gene shuffling.

Furthermore, nucleic acid variants may also be obtained by site-directedmutagenesis. Several methods are available to achieve site-directedmutagenesis, the most common being PCR based methods (Current Protocolsin Molecular Biology. Wiley Eds.).

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forincreasing seed yield in plants, comprising introducing and expressingin a plant a variant of any one of the nucleic acid sequences given inTable A of Example 1, or comprising introducing and expressing in aplant a variant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an orthologue,paralogue or homologue of any of the polypeptide sequences given inTable A of Example 1, which variant nucleic acid sequence is obtained bysite-directed mutagenesis.

Preferably, the variant nucleic acid sequence obtained by site-directedmutagenesis encodes a Class I TCP polypeptide sequence comprisingcomprising from N-terminus to C-terminus: (i) in increasing order ofpreference at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 98% or moresequence identity to the conserved TCP domain (comprising abasic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH)) as represented by SEQ ID NO: 66; and (ii)a consensus C-terminal motif 1 as represented by SEQ ID: 65.Alternatively or additionally, the polypeptide encoded sequence by thevariant nucleic acid sequence obtained by site-directed mutagenesis,when used in the construction of a TCP phylogenetic tree such as the onedepicted in FIG. 1, tends to cluster with the clade of TCP polypeptidescomprising the polypeptide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 ratherthan with any other TCP clade. Most preferably, the variant nucleic acidsequence obtained by site-directed mutagenesis is a variant of SEQ IDNO: 1 or a variant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an orthologue orparalogue of SEQ ID NO: 2, obtained by site-directed mutagenesis.

The following nucleic acid variants encoding a Class I TCP polypeptideare examples of variants suitable in practising the methods of theinvention:

-   -   (i) a portion of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCP        polypeptide;    -   (ii) a nucleic acid sequence capable of hybridising with a        nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide;    -   (iii) a splice variant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a        Class I TCP polypeptide;    -   (iv) an allelic variant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a        Class I TCP polypeptide;    -   (v) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide        obtained by gene shuffling;    -   (vi) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide        obtained by site-directed mutagenesis.

Nucleic acid sequences encoding Class I TCP polypeptides may be derivedfrom any natural or artificial source. The nucleic acid sequence may bemodified from its native form in composition and/or genomic environmentthrough deliberate human manipulation. Preferably the nucleic acidsequence encoding the Class I TCP polypeptide is from a plant, furtherpreferably from a dicotyledonous plant, more preferably from theBrassicaceae family, most preferably the nucleic acid sequence is fromArabidopsis thaliana.

Any reference herein to a Class I TCP polypeptide is therefore taken tomean a Class I TCP polypeptide as defined above. Any nucleic acidsequence encoding such a Class I TCP polypeptide is suitable for use inperforming the methods of the invention.

The present invention also encompasses plants or parts thereof(including seeds) obtainable by the methods according to the presentinvention. The plants or parts thereof comprise a nucleic acid transgeneencoding a Class I TCP polypeptide as defined above.

The invention also provides genetic constructs and vectors to facilitateintroduction and/or expression of the nucleic acid sequences useful inthe methods according to the invention, in a plant. The gene constructsmay be inserted into vectors, which may be commercially available,suitable for transforming into plants and suitable for expression of thegene of interest in the transformed cells. The invention also providesuse of a gene construct as defined herein in the methods of theinvention.

More specifically, the present invention provides a construct comprising

-   -   (a) nucleic acid sequence encoding Class I TCP polypeptide as        defined above;    -   (b) one or more control sequences capable of driving expression        of the nucleic acid sequence of (a); and optionally    -   (c) a transcription termination sequence.

A preferred construct is one where the control sequence is aconstitutive promoter, preferably a GOS2 promoter.

The invention also provides plants, plant parts, or plant cellstransformed with a construct as defined hereinabove.

Plants are transformed with a vector comprising the sequence of interest(i.e., a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide asdefined herein. The skilled artisan is well aware of the geneticelements that must be present on the vector in order to successfullytransform, select and propagate host cells containing the sequence ofinterest. The sequence of interest is operably linked to one or morecontrol sequences (at least to a promoter). The terms “regulatoryelement”, “control sequence” and “promoter” are as defined in the“Definitions” section herein. The term “operably linked” is as definedin the “Definitions” section.

Advantageously, any type of promoter may be used to drive expression ofthe nucleic acid sequence. The term “promoter” and “Plant Promoter” aredefined in the “Definitions” section herein and several examples ofpromoters are also described.

Preferably the promoter is derived from a plant, more preferably amonocotyledonous plant.

The promoter may be a constitutive promoter. Additionally oralternatively, the promoter may be an organ-specific or tissue-specificpromoter.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCPpolypeptide is operably linked to a constitutive promoter, the term“constitutive promoter” is as defined in the “Definitions” sectionherein. A constitutive promoter is one that is also substantiallyubiquitously expressed. Preferably the constitutive promoter is derivedfrom a plant, more preferably a monocotyledonous plant. Furtherpreferably the constitutive promoter is a GOS2 promoter (from rice), forexample, as represented by a nucleic acid sequence substantially similarto SEQ ID NO: 67, most preferably the constitutive promoter is asrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 67. It should be clear that the applicabilityof the present invention is not restricted to the nucleic acid sequenceas represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, nor is the applicability of theinvention restricted to expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding aClass I TCP polypeptide when driven by a GOS2 promoter. Examples ofother constitutive promoters which may also be used to drive expressionof a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide are shownin the “Definitions” section herein.

For the identification of functionally equivalent promoters, thepromoter strength and/or expression pattern of a candidate promoter maybe analysed for example by operably linking the promoter to a reportergene and assay the expression level and pattern of the reporter gene invarious tissues of the plant. Suitable well-known reporter genes includefor example beta-glucuronidase or beta galactosidase. The promoteractivity is assayed by measuring the enzymatic activity of thebeta-glucuronidase or beta-galactosidase. The promoter strength and/orexpression pattern may then be compared to that of a reference promoter(such as the one used in the methods of the present invention).Alternatively, promoter strength may be assayed by quantifying mRNAlevels or by comparing mRNA levels of the nucleic acid sequence used inthe methods of the present invention, with mRNA levels of housekeepinggenes such as 18S rRNA, using methods known in the art, such as Northernblotting with densitometric analysis of autoradiograms, quantitativereal-time PCR or RT-PCR (Heid et al., 1996 Genome Methods 6: 986-994).Generally by “weak promoter” is intended a promoter that drivesexpression of a coding sequence at a low level. By “low level” isintended at levels of about 1/10,000 transcripts to about 1/100,000transcripts, to about 1/500,0000 transcripts per cell. Conversely, a“strong promoter” drives expression of a coding sequence at high level,or at about 1/10 transcripts to about 1/100 transcripts to about 1/1,000transcripts per cell.

Optionally, one or more terminator sequences may be used in theconstruct introduced into a plant. The term “terminator” is as definedin the “Definitions” section herein. Additional regulatory elements mayinclude transcriptional as well as translational enhancers. Thoseskilled in the art will be aware of terminator and enhancer sequencesthat may be suitable for use in performing the invention. Such sequenceswould be known or may readily be obtained by a person skilled in theart.

An intron sequence may also be added to the 5′ untranslated region (UTR)or in the coding sequence to increase the amount of the mature messagethat accumulates in the cytosol. Inclusion of a spliceable intron in thetranscription unit in both plant and animal expression constructs hasbeen shown to increase gene expression at both the mRNA and proteinlevels up to 1000-fold (Buchman and Berg, Mol. Cell biol. 8:4395-4405(1988); Callis et al., Genes Dev. 1:1183-1200 (1987)). Such intronenhancement of gene expression is typically greatest when placed nearthe 5′ end of the transcription unit. Use of the maize introns Adh1-Sintron 1, 2, and 6, the Bronze-1 intron are known in the art. Forgeneral information, see The Maize Handbook, Chapter 116, Freeling andWalbot, Eds., Springer, N.Y. (1994).

Other control sequences (besides promoter, enhancer, silencer, intronsequences, 3′UTR and/or 5′UTR regions) may be protein and/or RNAstabilizing elements. Such sequences would be known or may readily beobtained by a person skilled in the art.

The genetic constructs of the invention may further include an origin ofreplication sequence that is required for maintenance and/or replicationin a specific cell type. One example is when a genetic construct isrequired to be maintained in a bacterial cell as an episomal geneticelement (e.g. plasmid or cosmid molecule). Preferred origins ofreplication include, but are not limited to, the f1-ori and colE1.

For the detection of the successful transfer of the nucleic acidsequences as used in the methods of the invention and/or selection oftransgenic plants comprising these nucleic acid sequences, it isadvantageous to use marker genes (or reporter genes). Therefore, thegenetic construct may optionally comprise a selectable marker gene. Theterms “selectable marker”, “selectable marker gene” or “reporter gene”are defined in the “Definitions” section herein.

The invention also provides a method for the production of transgenicplants having increased seed yield relative to control plants,comprising introduction and expression in a plant of any nucleic acidsequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide as defined hereinabove.

The terms “transgenic”, “transgene” or “recombinant” are as definedherein

More specifically, the present invention provides a method for theproduction of transgenic plants having increased seed yield relative tocontrol plants, which method comprises:

-   -   (i) introducing and expressing in a plant or plant cell a        nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide; and    -   (ii) cultivating the plant cell under conditions promoting plant        growth and development.

The nucleic acid sequence may be introduced directly into a plant cellor into the plant itself (including introduction into a tissue, organ orany other part of a plant). According to a preferred feature of thepresent invention, the nucleic acid sequence is preferably introducedinto a plant by transformation.

The term “introduction” or “transformation” is defined in the“Definitions” section herein.

The genetically modified plant cells can be regenerated via all methodswith which the skilled worker is familiar. Suitable methods can be foundin the abovementioned publications by S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Potrykus orHöfgen and Willmitzer.

Generally after transformation, plant cells or cell groupings areselected for the presence of one or more markers which are encoded byplant-expressible genes co-transferred with the gene of interest,following which the transformed material is regenerated into a wholeplant. To select transformed plants, the plant material obtained in thetransformation is, as a rule, subjected to selective conditions so thattransformed plants can be distinguished from untransformed plants. Forexample, the seeds obtained in the above-described manner can be plantedand, after an initial growing period, subjected to a suitable selectionby spraying. A further possibility consists in growing the seeds, ifappropriate after sterilization, on agar plates using a suitableselection agent so that only the transformed seeds can grow into plants.Alternatively, the transformed plants are screened for the presence of aselectable marker such as the ones described above.

Following DNA transfer and regeneration, putatively transformed plantsmay also be evaluated, for instance using Southern analysis, for thepresence of the gene of interest, copy number and/or genomicorganisation. Alternatively or additionally, expression levels of thenewly introduced DNA may be monitored using Northern and/or Westernanalysis, both techniques being well known to persons having ordinaryskill in the art.

The generated transformed plants may be propagated by a variety ofmeans, such as by clonal propagation or classical breeding techniques.For example, a first generation (or T1) transformed plant may be selfedand homozygous second-generation (or T2) transformants selected, and theT2 plants may then further be propagated through classical breedingtechniques.

The generated transformed organisms may take a variety of forms. Forexample, they may be chimeras of transformed cells and non-transformedcells; clonal transformants (e.g., all cells transformed to contain theexpression cassette); grafts of transformed and untransformed tissues(e.g., in plants, a transformed rootstock grafted to an untransformedscion).

The present invention clearly extends to any plant cell or plantproduced by any of the methods described herein, and to all plant partsand propagules thereof. The present invention extends further toencompass the progeny of a primary transformed or transfected cell,tissue, organ or whole plant that has been produced by any of theaforementioned methods, the only requirement being that progeny exhibitthe same genotypic and/or phenotypic characteristic(s) as those producedby the parent in the methods according to the invention.

The invention also includes host cells containing an isolated nucleicacid sequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide as defined hereinabove.Preferred host cells according to the invention are plant cells.

Host plants for the nucleic acid sequences or the vector used in themethod according to the invention, the expression cassette or constructor vector are, in principle, advantageously all plants, which arecapable of synthesizing the polypeptides used in the inventive method.

The invention also extends to harvestable parts of a plant such as, butnot limited to seeds, leaves, fruits, flowers, stems, rhizomes, tubersand bulbs. The invention furthermore relates to products derived,preferably directly derived, from a harvestable part of such a plant,such as dry pellets or powders, oil, fat and fatty acids, starch orproteins.

Methods for increasing expression of nucleic acid sequences or genes, orgene products, are well documented in the art and include, for example,overexpression driven by appropriate promoters, the use of transcriptionenhancers or translation enhancers. Isolated nucleic acid sequenceswhich serve as promoter or enhancer elements may be introduced in anappropriate position (typically upstream) of a non-heterologous form ofa polynucleotide so as to upregulate expression. For example, endogenouspromoters may be altered in vivo by mutation, deletion, and/orsubstitution (see, Kmiec, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350; Zarling et al.,PCT/US93/03868), or isolated promoters may be introduced into a plantcell in the proper orientation and distance from a gene of the presentinvention so as to control the expression of the gene.

The term “expression” or “gene expression” is as defined in the“Definitions” section herein.

The term “increasing expression” shall mean an increase of theexpression of the nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCPpolypeptide, which increase in expression leads to increased seed yieldof the plants relative to control plants. Preferably, the increase inexpression of the nucleic acid sequence is 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 5, 7.5,10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,100 or more fold the expression of the endogenous plant nucleic acidsequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide as defined hereinabove.

If polypeptide expression is desired, it is generally desirable toinclude a polyadenylation region at the 3′-end of a polynucleotidecoding region. The polyadenylation region can be derived from thenatural gene, from a variety of other plant genes, or from T-DNA. The 3′end sequence to be added may be derived from, for example, the nopalinesynthase or octopine synthase genes, or alternatively from another plantgene, or less preferably from any other eukaryotic gene.

An intron sequence may also be added as described above.

Other control sequences (besides promoter, enhancer, silencer, intronsequences, 3′UTR and/or 5′UTR regions) may be protein and/or RNAstabilizing elements.

As mentioned above, a preferred method for increasing expression of anucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide is byintroducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid sequence encoding aClass I TCP polypeptide; however the effects of performing the method,i.e. increasing seed yield may also be achieved using other well knowntechniques. A description of some of these techniques will now follow.

One such technique is T-DNA activation tagging (Hayashi et al. Science(1992) 1350-1353), which is described in the “Definitions” sectionherein.

The effects of the invention may also be reproduced using the techniqueof TILLING (Targeted Induced Local Lesions In Genomes). See the“Definitions” section herein for a description of this technique.

The effects of the invention may also be reproduced using homologousrecombination, which is described in the “Definitions” section herein.

Performance of the methods of the invention lead to an increase in seedyield relative to control plants. The term “Seed yield” is defined inthe “Definitions” section herein. The terms “increase”, “enhance” or“improve” are also defined in the “Definitions” section.

Increased seed yield may manifest itself as one or more of thefollowing:

-   -   (i) increased total seed yield, which includes an increase in        seed biomass (seed weight) and which may be an increase in the        seed weight per plant or on an individual seed basis;    -   (ii) increased number of panicles per plant    -   (iii) increased number of flowers (“florets”) per panicle    -   (iv) increased seed fill rate    -   (v) increased number of (filled) seeds;    -   (vi) increased seed size (length, width area, perimeter), which        may also influence the composition of seeds;    -   (vii) increased seed volume, which may also influence the        composition of seeds;    -   (viii) increased harvest index, which is expressed as a ratio of        the yield of harvestable parts, such as seeds, over the total        biomass; and    -   (ix) increased Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW), which is        extrapolated from the number of filled seeds counted and their        total weight. An increased TKW may result from an increased seed        size and/or seed weight. An increased TKW may result from an        increase in embryo size and/or endosperm size.

An increase in seed size, seed volume, seed area, seed perimeter, seedwidth or seed length may be due to an increase in specific parts of aseed, for example due to an increase in the size of the embryo and/orendosperm and/or aleurone and/or scutellum, or other parts of a seed.

In particular, increased seed yield is selected from one or more of thefollowing: (i) increased seed weight; (ii) increased harvest index; and(iii) increased TKW.

An increase in seed yield may also be manifested as an increase in seedsize and/or seed volume, which may also influence the composition ofseeds (including oil, protein and carbohydrate total content and/orcomposition).

Taking corn as an example, a yield increase may be manifested as one ormore of the following: increase in the number of plants established perhectare or acre, an increase in the number of ears per plant, anincrease in the number of rows, number of kernels per row, kernelweight, Thousand Kernel Weight, ear length/diameter, increase in theseed filling rate (which is the number of filled seeds divided by thetotal number of seeds and multiplied by 100), among others. Taking riceas an example, a yield increase may manifest itself as an increase inone or more of the following: number of plants per hectare or acre,number of panicles per plant, number of spikelets per panicle, number offlowers (florets) per panicle (which is expressed as a ratio of thenumber of filled seeds over the number of primary panicles), increase inthe seed filling rate (which is the number of filled seeds divided bythe total number of seeds and multiplied by 100), increase in ThousandKernel Weight, among others.

Since the transgenic plants according to the present invention haveincreased seed yield, it is likely that these plants exhibit anincreased growth rate (during at least part of their life cycle),relative to the growth rate of control plants at a corresponding stagein their life cycle. The increased growth rate may be specific to one ormore parts of a plant (including seeds), or may be throughoutsubstantially the whole plant. Plants having an increased growth ratemay have a shorter life cycle. The life cycle of a plant may be taken tomean the time needed to grow from a dry mature seed up to the stagewhere the plant has produced dry mature seeds, similar to the startingmaterial. This life cycle may be influenced by factors such as earlyvigour, growth rate, greenness index, flowering time and speed of seedmaturation. The increase in growth rate may take place at one or morestages in the life cycle of a plant or during substantially the wholeplant life cycle. Increased growth rate during the early stages in thelife cycle of a plant may reflect enhanced vigour. Increased growth ratemay occur during seed development (reproductive growth rate), while thevegetative growth rate is unchanged or even reduced. The increase ingrowth rate may alter the harvest cycle of a plant allowing plants to besown later and/or harvested sooner than would otherwise be possible (asimilar effect may be obtained with earlier flowering time). If thegrowth rate is sufficiently increased, it may allow for the furthersowing of seeds of the same plant species (for example sowing andharvesting of rice plants followed by sowing and harvesting of furtherrice plants all within one conventional growing period). Similarly, ifthe growth rate is sufficiently increased, it may allow for the furthersowing of seeds of different plants species. Harvesting additional timesfrom the same rootstock in the case of some crop plants may also bepossible. Altering the harvest cycle of a plant may lead to an increasein annual biomass production per acre (due to an increase in the numberof times (say in a year) that any particular plant may be grown andharvested). An increase in growth rate may also allow for thecultivation of transgenic plants in a wider geographical area than theirwild-type counterparts, since the territorial limitations for growing acrop are often determined by adverse environmental conditions either atthe time of planting (early season) or at the time of harvesting (lateseason). Such adverse conditions may be avoided if the harvest cycle isshortened. The growth rate may be determined by deriving variousparameters from growth curves, such parameters may be: T-Mid (the timetaken for plants to reach 50% of their maximal size) and T-90 (timetaken for plants to reach 90% of their maximal size), amongst others.

According to a preferred feature of the present invention, performanceof the methods of the invention gives plants having an increased growthrate relative to control plants. Therefore, according to the presentinvention, there is provided a method for increasing the growth rate ofplants relative to control plants, which method comprises increasingexpression in a plant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCPpolypeptide as defined herein. Preferably, the increased growth rateoccurs during seed development (reproductive growth rate), thevegetative growth rate being unchanged or even reduced.

An increase in yield and/or growth rate occurs whether the plant isunder non-stress conditions or whether the plant is exposed to variousstresses compared to control plants. Plants typically respond toexposure to stress by growing more slowly. In conditions of severestress, the plant may even stop growing altogether. Mild stress on theother hand is defined herein as being any stress to which a plant isexposed which does not result in the plant ceasing to grow altogetherwithout the capacity to resume growth. Mild stress in the sense of theinvention leads to a reduction in the growth of the stressed plants ofless than 40%, 35% or 30%, preferably less than 25%, 20% or 15%, morepreferably less than 14%, 13%, 12%, 11% or 10% or less in comparison tothe control plant under non-stress conditions. Due to advances inagricultural practices (irrigation, fertilization, pesticide treatments)severe stresses are not often encountered in cultivated crop plants. Asa consequence, the compromised growth induced by mild stress is often anundesirable feature for agriculture. Mild stresses are the everydaybiotic and/or abiotic (environmental) stresses to which a plant isexposed. Abiotic stresses may be due to drought or excess water,anaerobic stress, salt stress, chemical toxicity, oxidative stress andhot, cold or freezing temperatures. The abiotic stress may be an osmoticstress caused by a water stress (particularly due to drought), saltstress, oxidative stress or an ionic stress. Biotic stresses aretypically those stresses caused by pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses,fungi and insects.

In particular, the methods of the present invention may be performedunder non-stress conditions or under conditions of mild drought to giveplants having increased yield relative to control plants. As reported inWang et al. (Planta (2003) 218: 1-14), abiotic stress leads to a seriesof morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes thatadversely affect plant growth and productivity. Drought, salinity,extreme temperatures and oxidative stress are known to be interconnectedand may induce growth and cellular damage through similar mechanisms.Rabbani et al. (Plant Physiol. (2003) 133: 1755-1767) describes aparticularly high degree of “cross talk” between drought stress andhigh-salinity stress. For example, drought and/or salinisation aremanifested primarily as osmotic stress, resulting in the disruption ofhomeostasis and ion distribution in the cell. Oxidative stress, whichfrequently accompanies high or low temperature, salinity or droughtstress, may cause denaturing of functional and structural proteins. As aconsequence, these diverse environmental stresses often activate similarcell signalling pathways and cellular responses, such as the productionof stress proteins, up-regulation of anti-oxidants, accumulation ofcompatible solutes and growth arrest. The term “non-stress” conditionsas used herein are those environmental conditions that allow optimalgrowth of plants. Persons skilled in the art are aware of normal soilconditions and climatic conditions for a given location.

Performance of the methods of the invention gives plants grown undernon-stress conditions or under mild drought conditions increased yieldrelative to suitable control plants grown under comparable conditions.Therefore, according to the present invention, there is provided amethod for increasing yield in plants grown under non-stress conditionsor under mild drought conditions, which method comprises increasingexpression in a plant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCPpolypeptide.

The methods of the invention are advantageously applicable to any plant.The term “plant” is as defined in the “Definitions” section herein. Alsodescribed are pants that are particularly useful in the methods of theinvention.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the plantis a crop plant. Examples of crop plants include soybean, sunflower,canola, alfalfa, rapeseed, cotton, tomato, potato and tobacco. Furtherpreferably, the plant is a monocotyledonous plant. Examples ofmonocotyledonous plants include sugarcane. More preferably the plant isa cereal. Examples of cereals include rice, maize, wheat, barley,millet, rye, sorghum and oats.

The present invention also encompasses use of nucleic acid sequencesencoding Class I TCP polypeptides as described herein and use of theseClass I TCP polypeptides in increasing seed yield in plants. Preferably,increased seed yield is selected from one or more of the following: (i)increased seed weight; (ii) increased harvest index; or (iii) increasedThousand Kernel Weight.

Nucleic acid sequences encoding Class I TCP polypeptides describedherein, or the Class I TCP polypeptides themselves, may find use inbreeding programmes in which a DNA marker is identified which may begenetically linked to a gene encoding Class I TCP polypeptide. Thenucleic acid sequences/genes, or the Class I TCP polypeptides themselvesmay be used to define a molecular marker. This DNA or protein marker maythen be used in breeding programmes to select plants having increasedseed yield as defined hereinabove in the methods of the invention.

Allelic variants of a nucleic acid sequence/gene encoding a Class I TCPpolypeptide may also find use in marker-assisted breeding programmes.Such breeding programmes sometimes require introduction of allelicvariation by mutagenic treatment of the plants, using for example EMSmutagenesis; alternatively, the programme may start with a collection ofallelic variants of so called “natural” origin caused unintentionally.Identification of allelic variants then takes place, for example, byPCR. This is followed by a step for selection of superior allelicvariants of the sequence in question and which give increased yield.Selection is typically carried out by monitoring growth performance ofplants containing different allelic variants of the sequence inquestion. Growth performance may be monitored in a greenhouse or in thefield. Further optional steps include crossing plants in which thesuperior allelic variant was identified with another plant. This couldbe used, for example, to make a combination of interesting phenotypicfeatures.

Nucleic acid sequences encoding Class I TCP polypeptides may also beused as probes for genetically and physically mapping the genes thatthey are a part of, and as markers for traits linked to those genes.Such information may be useful in plant breeding in order to developlines with desired phenotypes. Such use of nucleic acid sequencesencoding Class I TCP polypeptides requires only a nucleic acid sequenceof at least 15 nucleotides in length. The nucleic acid sequencesencoding Class I TCP polypeptides may be used as restriction fragmentlength polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Southern blots (Sambrook J, FritschE F and Maniatis T (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual) ofrestriction-digested plant genomic DNA may be probed with the nucleicacid sequences encoding Class I TCP polypeptides. The resulting bandingpatterns may then be subjected to genetic analyses using computerprograms such as MapMaker (Lander et al. (1987) Genomics 1: 174-181) inorder to construct a genetic map. In addition, the nucleic acidsequences may be used to probe Southern blots containing restrictionendonuclease-treated genomic DNAs of a set of individuals representingparent and progeny of a defined genetic cross. Segregation of the DNApolymorphisms is noted and used to calculate the position of the nucleicacid sequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide in the genetic mappreviously obtained using this population (Botstein et al. (1980) Am. J.Hum. Genet. 32:314-331).

The production and use of plant gene-derived probes for use in geneticmapping is described in Bernatzky and Tanksley (1986) Plant Mol. Biol.Reporter 4: 37-41. Numerous publications describe genetic mapping ofspecific cDNA clones using the methodology outlined above or variationsthereof. For example, F2 intercross populations, backcross populations,randomly mated populations, near isogenic lines, and other sets ofindividuals may be used for mapping. Such methodologies are well knownto those skilled in the art.

The nucleic acid probes may also be used for physical mapping (i.e.,placement of sequences on physical maps; see Hoheisel et al. In:Non-mammalian Genomic Analysis: A Practical Guide, Academic press 1996,pp. 319-346, and references cited therein).

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid probes may be used in directfluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) mapping (Trask (1991) TrendsGenet. 7:149-154). Although current methods of FISH mapping favour useof large clones (several kb to several hundred kb; see Laan et al.(1995) Genome Res. 5:13-20), improvements in sensitivity may allowperformance of FISH mapping using shorter probes.

A variety of nucleic acid amplification-based methods for genetic andphysical mapping may be carried out using the nucleic acid sequences.Examples include allele-specific amplification (Kazazian (1989) J. Lab.Clin. Med 11:95-96), polymorphism of PCR-amplified fragments (CAPS;Sheffield et al. (1993) Genomics 16:325-332), allele-specific ligation(Landegren et al. (1988) Science 241:1077-1080), nucleotide extensionreactions (Sokolov (1990) Nucleic Acid Res. 18:3671), Radiation HybridMapping (Walter et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 7:22-28) and Happy Mapping(Dear and Cook (1989) Nucleic Acid Res. 17:6795-6807). For thesemethods, the sequence of a nucleic acid is used to design and produceprimer pairs for use in the amplification reaction or in primerextension reactions. The design of such primers is well known to thoseskilled in the art. In methods employing PCR-based genetic mapping, itmay be necessary to identify DNA sequence differences between theparents of the mapping cross in the region corresponding to the instantnucleic acid sequence. This, however, is generally not necessary formapping methods.

The methods according to the present invention result in plants havingincreased seed yield, as described hereinbefore. These traits may alsobe combined with other economically advantageous traits, such asyield-enhancing traits, tolerance to other abiotic and biotic stresses,traits modifying various architectural features and/or biochemicaland/or physiological features.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION CAH3

Surprisingly, it has now been found that modulating expression in aplant of a nucleic acid encoding a YEP polypeptide gives plants havingenhanced yield-related traits without effects on vegetative biomass,relative to control plants, wherein the YEP is a CAH3. The particularclass of CAH3 polypeptides suitable for enhancing yield-related traitsin plants is described in detail below.

The present invention provides a method for enhancing yield-relatedtraits in plants relative to control plants, comprising modulatingexpression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding a CAH3 polypeptide. Theterm “control plant” is as defined in the “Definitions” section herein.

In the context of the embodiment relating to CAH3, any referencehereinafter to a “protein useful in the methods of the invention” istaken to mean a CAH3 polypeptide as defined herein. Any referencehereinafter to a “nucleic acid useful in the methods of the invention”is taken to mean a nucleic acid capable of encoding such a CAH3polypeptide. The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are as defined in the“Definitions” section herein. The terms “polynucleotide(s)”, “nucleicacid sequence(s)”, “nucleotide sequence(s)” are as defined in the“Definitions” section herein.

A preferred method for modulating (preferably, increasing) expression ofa nucleic acid encoding a protein useful in the methods of the inventionis by introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid encoding aprotein useful in the methods of the invention as defined below.

The nucleic acid to be introduced into a plant (and therefore useful inperforming the methods of the invention) is any nucleic acid encodingthe type of protein which will now be described, hereinafter also named“CAH3 nucleic acid” or “CAH3 gene”. A “CAH3” polypeptide as definedherein refers to any protein having carbonic anhydrase activity (EC4.2.1.1). Carbonic anhydrase is also known as carbonate dehydratase(accepted name according to IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature), anhydrase,carbonate anhydrase, carbonic acid anhydrase, carboxyanhydrase, andcarbonic anhydrase A. Methods for assaying enzymatic activity ofcarbonic anhydrase are known in the art; see the Examples Section forfurther details.

Preferably, the amino acid sequence of the carbonic anhydrase useful inthe methods of the present invention comprises one or more of thefollowing motifs:

Motif 1: (SEQ ID NO: 203)(S/T)E(H/N)X(L/I/V/M)XXXX(F/Y/L/H)XX(E/D)X(H/Q)(L/I/V/M/F/A)(L/I/V/M/F/A).

Preferably, X on position 4 in motif 1 is one of: T, S, E, F, A, H, L; Xon position 6 preferably is one of: N, D, S, H, A, M; X on position 7preferably is N or G; X on position 8 preferably is one of: K, R, T, Q,E, V, A, K; X on position 9 is preferably one of: R, K, Q, L, H, I, S; Xon position 11 preferably is one of: V, A, D, N, P; X on position 12preferably is on of: L, M, A; X on position 14 is preferably one of Q,E, L, A, V. Further preferably, the residue on position 16 is one of M,L, or V; the residue on position 17 is L or V. Most preferably, thesequence of motif 1 is SEHAMDGRRYAMEAHLV.

Motif 2: (SEQ ID NO: 204)(L/N/Y/M/T/F/A/R)(A/V/S)V(V/I/L/T)(A/T/G/S)(F/V/I/L/S/T)(L/F/V/M).

Preferably, motif 2 has the sequence(L/F/A/R)(A/V/S)V(V/I/L/T)(A/G/S)(F/V/I/L/T)(L/F/V/M). Most preferably,motif 2 has the sequence LAVLGIM.

Motif 3: (SEQ ID NO: 205)(Y/F)(Y/F/V/G/A)(R/E/G/T/H)(Y/F)XGS(L/F/Y)T(T/V/A)PPC(S/T/G/D/A)(E/Q)(N/G/D/R)

Preferably, X is one of L, I, T, R, M, G, A, D, E, P. Most preferably,motif 3 has the sequence FVHYPGSLTTPPCSEG.

Preferably, the “CAH3” polypeptide as defined herein refers to an aminoacid sequence which when used in the construction of a CAH3 phylogenetictree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 7 A, tends to cluster with theclass of alpha CAH3 polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequencerepresented by SEQ ID NO: 81 rather than with the beta or gamma class.

A person skilled in the art could readily determine whether any aminoacid sequence in question falls within the definition of a “CAH3”polypeptide using known techniques and software for the making of such aphylogenetic tree, such as a GCG, EBI or CLUSTAL package, using defaultparameters. Any sequence clustering within the group comprising SEQ IDNO: 81 would be considered to fall within the aforementioned definitionof a CAH3 polypeptide, and would be considered suitable for use in themethods of the invention.

Examples of proteins useful in the methods of the invention and nucleicacids encoding the same are as given below in Table B in the ExamplesSection.

Also useful in the methods of the invention are homologues of any one ofthe amino acid sequences given in Table B. “Homologues” of a protein areas defined in the “Definitions” section herein.

Also useful in the methods of the invention are derivatives of any oneof the polypeptides given in Table B herein or orthologues or paraloguesof any of the aforementioned SEQ ID NOs. “Derivatives” are defined inthe “Definitions” section herein.

The invention is illustrated by transforming plants with theChlamydomonas reinhardtii nucleic acid sequence represented by SEQ IDNO: 80, encoding the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81, howeverperformance of the invention is not restricted to these sequences. Themethods of the invention may advantageously be performed using anynucleic acid encoding a protein useful in the methods of the inventionas defined herein, including orthologues and paralogues, such as any ofthe nucleic acid sequences given in Table B herein.

The amino acid sequences given in Table B of Example 14 may beconsidered to be orthologues and paralogues of the CAH3 polypeptiderepresented by SEQ ID NO: 81. Orthologues and paralogues are as definedin the “Definitions” section herein.

Orthologues and paralogues may easily be found by performing a so-calledreciprocal blast search. Typically, this involves a first BLASTinvolving BLASTing a query sequence (for example using any of thesequences listed in Table B herein) against any sequence database, suchas the publicly available NCBI database. BLASTN or TBLASTX (usingstandard default values) are generally used when starting from anucleotide sequence, and BLASTP or TBLASTN (using standard defaultvalues) when starting from a protein sequence. The BLAST results mayoptionally be filtered. The full-length sequences of either the filteredresults or non-filtered results are then BLASTed back (second BLAST)against sequences from the organism from which the query sequence isderived (where the query sequence is SEQ ID NO: 80 or SEQ ID NO: 81, thesecond BLAST would therefore be against Chlamydomonas reinhardtiisequences). The results of the first and second BLASTs are thencompared. A paralogue is identified if a high-ranking hit from the firstblast is from the same species as from which the query sequence isderived, a BLAST back then ideally results in the query sequence ashighest hit; an orthologue is identified if a high-ranking hit in thefirst BLAST is not from the same species as from which the querysequence is derived, and preferably results upon BLAST back in the querysequence being among the highest hits.

High-ranking hits are those having a low E-value. The lower the E-value,the more significant the score (or in other words the lower the chancethat the hit was found by chance). Computation of the E-value is wellknown in the art. In addition to E-values, comparisons are also scoredby percentage identity. Percentage identity refers to the number ofidentical nucleotides (or amino acids) between the two compared nucleicacid (or polypeptide) sequences over a particular length. In the case oflarge families, ClustalW may be used, followed by a neighbour joiningtree, to help visualize clustering of related genes and to identifyorthologues and paralogues.

Table B herein gives examples of orthologues and paralogues of the CAH3protein represented by SEQ ID NO 81. Further orthologues and paraloguesmay readily be identified using the BLAST procedure described above.

The proteins of the invention are identifiable by the presence of theconserved carbonic anhydrase domain (Pfam entry PF00194, InterProIPR001148) (shown in FIG. 6) and/or by one of the motifs listed above.The term “domain” is defined in the “Definitions” section herein. Seethe “Definitions” section for a definition of the term “motif” or“consensus sequence” or “signature”.

Specialist databases also exist for the identification of domains, forexample, SMART (Schultz et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95,5857-5864; Letunic et al. (2002) Nucleic Acids Res 30, 242-244, InterPro(Mulder et al., (2003) Nucl. Acids. Res. 31, 315-318, Prosite (Bucherand Bairoch (1994), A generalized profile syntax for biomolecularsequences motifs and its function in automatic sequence interpretation.(In) ISMB-94; Proceedings 2nd International Conference on IntelligentSystems for Molecular Biology. Altman R., Brutlag D., Karp P., LathropR., Searls D., Eds., pp 53-61, AAAIPress, Menlo Park; Hulo et al., Nucl.Acids. Res. 32:D134-D137, (2004), or Pfam (Bateman et al., Nucleic AcidsResearch 30(1): 276-280 (2002). A set of tools for in silico analysis ofprotein sequences is available on the ExPASY proteomics server (hostedby the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (Gasteiger et al., ExPASy: theproteomics server for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis, NucleicAcids Res. 31:3784-3788 (2003)).

Domains may also be identified using routine techniques, such as bysequence alignment. Methods for the alignment of sequences forcomparison are well known in the art, such methods include GAP, BESTFIT,BLAST, FASTA and TFASTA. GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch((1970) J Mol Biol 48: 443-453) to find the global (i.e. spanning thecomplete sequences) alignment of two sequences that maximizes the numberof matches and minimizes the number of gaps. The BLAST algorithm(Altschul et al. (1990) J Mol Biol 215: 403-10) calculates percentsequence identity and performs a statistical analysis of the similaritybetween the two sequences. The software for performing BLAST analysis ispublicly available through the National Centre for BiotechnologyInformation (NCBI). Homologues may readily be identified using, forexample, the ClustalW multiple sequence alignment algorithm (version1.83), with the default pairwise alignment parameters, and a scoringmethod in percentage. Global percentages of similarity and identity mayalso be determined using one of the methods available in the MatGATsoftware package (Campanella et al., BMC Bioinformatics. 2003 Jul. 10;4:29. MatGAT: an application that generates similarity/identity matricesusing protein or DNA sequences.). Minor manual editing may be performedto optimise alignment between conserved motifs, as would be apparent toa person skilled in the art. Furthermore, instead of using full-lengthsequences for the identification of homologues, specific domains (suchas the carbonic anhydrase domain, or one of the motifs defined above)may be used as well. The sequence identity values, which are indicatedbelow in the Examples Section as a percentage were determined over theentire nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, and/or over selected domainsor conserved motif(s), using the programs mentioned above using thedefault parameters.

Furthermore, CAH3 proteins (at least in their native form) typicallyhave carbonic anhydrase activity. Assays for carbonic anhydrase are wellknown in the art and include titrimetric assays and spectrophotometricassays, see for example Karlsson et al. (Plant Physiol. 109: 533-539,1995). Further details are provided in the Examples Section.

Nucleic acids encoding proteins useful in the methods of the inventionneed not be full-length nucleic acids, since performance of the methodsof the invention does not rely on the use of full-length nucleic acidsequences. Examples of nucleic acids suitable for use in performing themethods of the invention include the nucleic acid sequences given inTable B herein, but are not limited to those sequences. Nucleic acidvariants may also be useful in practising the methods of the invention.Examples of such nucleic acid variants include portions of nucleic acidsencoding a protein useful in the methods of the invention, nucleic acidshybridising to nucleic acids encoding a protein useful in the methods ofthe invention, splice variants of nucleic acids encoding a proteinuseful in the methods of the invention, allelic variants of nucleicacids encoding a protein useful in the methods of the invention andvariants of nucleic acids encoding a protein useful in the methods ofthe invention that are obtained by gene shuffling. The terms portion,hybridising sequence, splice variant, allelic variant and gene shufflingwill now be described and are also defined in the “Definitions” sectionherein.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forenhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing andexpressing in a plant a portion of any one of the nucleic acid sequencesgiven in Table B herein, or a portion of a nucleic acid encoding anorthologue, paralogue or homologue of any of the amino acid sequencesgiven in Table B.

Portions useful in the methods of the invention, encode a polypeptidefalling within the definition of a nucleic acid encoding a proteinuseful in the methods of the invention as defined herein and havingsubstantially the same biological activity as the amino acid sequencesgiven in Table B. Preferably, the portion is a portion of any one of thenucleic acids given in Table B. The portion is typically at least 600consecutive nucleotides in length, preferably at least 700 consecutivenucleotides in length, more preferably at least 800 consecutivenucleotides in length and most preferably at least 900 consecutivenucleotides in length, the consecutive nucleotides being of any one ofthe nucleic acid sequences given in Table B. Most preferably the portionis a portion of the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 80. Preferably, theportion encodes an amino acid sequence comprising (any one or more of)carbonic anhydrase domain as defined herein. Preferably, the portionencodes an amino acid sequence which when used in the construction of aCAH3 phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 7, tends tocluster with the group of alpha CAH3 proteins comprising the amino acidsequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 81 rather than with any other group.

A portion of a nucleic acid encoding a CAH3 protein as defined hereinmay be prepared, for example, by making one or more deletions to thenucleic acid. The portions may be used in isolated form or they may befused to other coding (or non coding) sequences in order to, forexample, produce a protein that combines several activities. When fusedto other coding sequences, the resultant polypeptide produced upontranslation may be bigger than that predicted for the CAH3 proteinportion.

Another nucleic acid variant useful in the methods of the invention is anucleic acid capable of hybridising, under reduced stringencyconditions, preferably under stringent conditions, with a nucleic acidencoding a CAH3 protein as defined herein, or with a portion as definedherein. The term “hybridisation” is as defined in the “Definitions”section herein.

Hybridising sequences useful in the methods of the invention, encode apolypeptide having a carbonic anhydrase domain (see the alignment ofFIG. 7) and having substantially the same biological activity as theCAH3 protein represented by any of the amino acid sequences given inTable B. The hybridising sequence is typically at least 600 consecutivenucleotides in length, preferably at least 700 consecutive nucleotidesin length, more preferably at least 800 consecutive nucleotides inlength and most preferably at least 900 consecutive nucleotides inlength, the consecutive nucleotides being of any one of the nucleic acidsequences given in Table B. Preferably, the hybridising sequence is onethat is capable of hybridising to any of the nucleic acids given inTable B, or to a portion of any of these sequences, a portion being asdefined above. Most preferably, the hybridising sequence is capable ofhybridising to a nucleic acid as represented by SEQ ID NO: 80 or to aportion thereof. Preferably, the hybridising sequence encodes an aminoacid sequence comprising any one or more of the motifs or domains asdefined herein. Preferably, the hybridising sequence encodes an aminoacid sequence which when used in the construction of a CAH3 phylogenetictree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 7, tends to cluster with thegroup of alpha CAH3 proteins comprising the amino acid sequencerepresented by SEQ ID NO: 81 rather than with any other group.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forenhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing andexpressing in a plant a nucleic acid capable of hybridizing to any oneof the nucleic acids given in the Table B, or comprising introducing andexpressing in a plant a nucleic acid capable of hybridising to a nucleicacid encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of any of thenucleic acid sequences given in Table B.

Another nucleic acid variant useful in the methods of the invention is asplice variant encoding a CAH3 protein as defined hereinabove. The term“splice variant” being as defined herein

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forenhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing andexpressing in a plant a splice variant of any one of the nucleic acidsequences given in Table B, or a splice variant of a nucleic acidencoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of any of the amino acidsequences given in Table B.

Preferred splice variants are splice variants of a nucleic acidrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 80 or a splice variant of a nucleic acidencoding an orthologue or paralogue of SEQ ID NO: 81. Preferably, theamino acid sequence encoded by the splice variant comprises any one ormore of the motifs or domains as defined herein. Preferably, the aminoacid sequence encoded by the splice variant, when used in theconstruction of a CAH3 phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted inFIG. 7, tends to cluster with the group of alpha CAH3 proteinscomprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 81 ratherthan with any other group.

Another nucleic acid variant useful in performing the methods of theinvention is an allelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding a CAH3protein as defined hereinabove. The term “allelic variant” is as definedherein. The allelic variants useful in the methods of the presentinvention have substantially the same biological activity as the CAH3protein of SEQ ID NO: 81.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forenhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing andexpressing in a plant an allelic variant of any one of the nucleic acidsgiven in Table B, or comprising introducing and expressing in a plant anallelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue, paralogue orhomologue of any of the amino acid sequences given in Table B.

Preferably, the allelic variant is an allelic variant of SEQ ID NO: 80or an allelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue orparalogue of SEQ ID NO: 81. Preferably, the amino acid sequence encodedby the allelic variant comprises any one or more of the motifs ordomains as defined herein. Preferably, the amino acid sequence encodedby the allelic variant, when used in the construction of a CAH3phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 7, tends to clusterwith the group of alpha CAH3 proteins comprising the amino acid sequencerepresented by SEQ ID NO: 81 rather than with any other group.

A further nucleic acid variant useful in the methods of the invention isa nucleic acid variant obtained by gene shuffling. Gene shuffling ordirected evolution is as defined herein

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forenhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing andexpressing in a plant a variant of any one of the nucleic acid sequencesgiven in Table B, or comprising introducing and expressing in a plant avariant of a nucleic acid encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologueof any of the amino acid sequences given in Table B, which variantnucleic acid is obtained by gene shuffling.

Preferably, the variant nucleic acid obtained by gene shuffling encodesan amino acid sequence comprising any one or more of the motifs ordomains as defined herein. Preferably, the amino acid encoded sequenceby the variant nucleic acid obtained by gene shuffling, when used in theconstruction of a CAH3 phylogenetic tree such as the one depicted inFIG. 7, tends to cluster with the group of alpha CAH3 proteinscomprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 81 ratherthan with any other group.

Furthermore, nucleic acid variants may also be obtained by site-directedmutagenesis. Several methods are available to achieve site-directedmutagenesis, the most common being PCR based methods (Current Protocolsin Molecular Biology. Wiley Eds.).

Nucleic acids encoding CAH3 proteins may be derived from any natural orartificial source. The nucleic acid may be modified from its native formin composition and/or genomic environment through deliberate humanmanipulation. Preferably the CAH3-encoding nucleic acid is from a plant,further preferably from an alga, more preferably from theChlamydomonadaceae family, most preferably the nucleic acid is fromChlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Any reference herein to a CAH3 protein is therefore taken to mean a CAH3protein as defined above. Any nucleic acid encoding such a CAH3 proteinis suitable for use in performing the methods of the invention.

The present invention also encompasses plants or parts thereof(including seeds) obtainable by the methods according to the presentinvention. The plants or parts thereof comprise a nucleic acid transgeneencoding a CAH3 protein as defined above.

The invention also provides genetic constructs and vectors to facilitateintroduction and/or expression of the nucleic acid sequences useful inthe methods according to the invention, in a plant. The gene constructsmay be inserted into vectors, which may be commercially available,suitable for transforming into plants and suitable for expression of thegene of interest in the transformed cells. The invention also providesuse of a gene construct as defined herein in the methods of theinvention.

More specifically, the present invention provides a construct comprising

-   -   (a) nucleic acid encoding CAH3 protein as defined above;    -   (b) one or more control sequences capable of driving expression        of the nucleic acid sequence of (a); and optionally    -   (c) a transcription termination sequence.

Plants are transformed with a vector comprising the sequence of interest(i.e., a nucleic acid encoding a CAH3 polypeptide as defined herein. Theskilled artisan is well aware of the genetic elements that must bepresent on the vector in order to successfully transform, select andpropagate host cells containing the sequence of interest. The sequenceof interest is operably linked to one or more control sequences (atleast to a promoter). The terms “regulatory element”, “control sequence”and “promoter” are as defined in the “Definitions” section herein. Theterm “operably linked” is also defined herein.

Advantageously, any type of promoter may be used to drive expression ofthe nucleic acid sequence. The term “promoter” and “plant promoter” aredefined in the “Definitions” section herein. The promoter may be aconstitutive promoter, as defined herein. Alternatively, the promotermay be an inducible promoter, also defined herein. Additionally oralternatively, the promoter may be an organ-specific or tissue-specificpromoter, as defined herein.

Preferably, the CAH3 nucleic acid or variant thereof is operably linkedto a young green tissue-specific promoter. A young green tissue-specificpromoter as defined herein is a promoter that is transcriptionallyactive predominantly in young green tissue, substantially to theexclusion of any other parts of a plant, whilst still allowing for anyleaky expression in these other plant parts. The young greentissue-specific promoter is preferably a protochlorophyllide reductase(PcR) promoter, more preferably the protochlorophyllide reductasepromoter represented by a nucleic acid sequence substantially similar toSEQ ID NO: 206, most preferably the promoter is as represented by SEQ IDNO: 206.

It should be clear that the applicability of the present invention isnot restricted to the CAH3-encoding nucleic acid represented by SEQ IDNO: 80, nor is the applicability of the invention restricted toexpression of such a CAH3-encoding nucleic acid when driven by aprotochlorophyllide reductase promoter. Examples of other young greentissue-specific promoters which may also be used to perform the methodsof the invention are shown in Table 2g in the “Definitions” sectionherein.

For the identification of functionally equivalent promoters, thepromoter strength and/or expression pattern of a candidate promoter maybe analysed for example by operably linking the promoter to a reportergene and assay the expression level and pattern of the reporter gene invarious tissues of the plant. Suitable well-known reporter genes includefor example beta-glucuronidase or beta galactosidase. The promoteractivity is assayed by measuring the enzymatic activity of thebeta-glucuronidase or beta-galactosidase. The promoter strength and/orexpression pattern may then be compared to that of a reference promoter(such as the one used in the methods of the present invention).Alternatively, promoter strength may be assayed by quantifying mRNAlevels or by comparing mRNA levels of the nucleic acid used in themethods of the present invention, with mRNA levels of housekeeping genessuch as 18S rRNA, using methods known in the art, such as Northernblotting with densitometric analysis of autoradiograms, quantitativereal-time PCR or RT-PCR (Heid et al., 1996 Genome Methods 6: 986-994).Generally by “weak promoter” is intended a promoter that drivesexpression of a coding sequence at a low level. By “low level” isintended at levels of about 1/10,000 transcripts to about 1/100,000transcripts, to about 1/500,0000 transcripts per cell. Conversely, a“strong promoter” drives expression of a coding sequence at high level,or at about 1/10 transcripts to about 1/100 transcripts to about 1/1,000transcripts per cell.

Optionally, one or more terminator sequences may be used in theconstruct introduced into a plant, the term “terminator” being asdefined herein. Additional regulatory elements may includetranscriptional as well as translational enhancers. Those skilled in theart will be aware of terminator and enhancer sequences that may besuitable for use in performing the invention. Such sequences would beknown or may readily be obtained by a person skilled in the art.

An intron sequence may also be added to the 5′ untranslated region (UTR)or in the coding sequence to increase the amount of the mature messagethat accumulates in the cytosol. Inclusion of a spliceable intron in thetranscription unit in both plant and animal expression constructs hasbeen shown to increase gene expression at both the mRNA and proteinlevels up to 1000-fold (Buchman and Berg, Mol. Cell Biol. 8:4395-4405(1988); Callis et al., Genes Dev. 1:1183-1200 (1987)). Such intronenhancement of gene expression is typically greatest when placed nearthe 5′ end of the transcription unit. Use of the maize introns Adh1-Sintron 1, 2, and 6, the Bronze-1 intron are known in the art. Forgeneral information, see The Maize Handbook, Chapter 116, Freeling andWalbot, Eds., Springer, N.Y. (1994).

Other control sequences (besides promoter, enhancer, silencer, intronsequences, 3′UTR and/or 5′UTR regions) may be protein and/or RNAstabilizing elements. Such sequences would be known or may readily beobtained by a person skilled in the art.

The genetic constructs of the invention may further include an origin ofreplication sequence that is required for maintenance and/or replicationin a specific cell type. One example is when a genetic construct isrequired to be maintained in a bacterial cell as an episomal geneticelement (e.g. plasmid or cosmid molecule). Preferred origins ofreplication include, but are not limited to, the f1-ori and colE1.

For the detection of the successful transfer of the nucleic acidsequences as used in the methods of the invention and/or selection oftransgenic plants comprising these nucleic acids, it is advantageous touse marker genes (or reporter genes). Therefore, the genetic constructmay optionally comprise a selectable marker gene. See “Definitions”section herein for a definition of the terms “selectable marker”,“selectable marker gene” or “reporter gene”.

The invention also provides a method for the production of transgenicplants having enhanced yield-related traits relative to control plants,comprising introduction and expression in a plant of any nucleic acidencoding a CAH3 protein as defined hereinabove.

For the purposes of the invention, “transgenic”, “transgene” or“recombinant” are as defined herein in the “Definitions” section. A“transgenic plant” is as defined in the “Definitions” section herein.

More specifically, the present invention provides a method for theproduction of transgenic plants having increased yield, which methodcomprises:

-   -   (i) introducing and expressing in a plant or plant cell a CAH3        nucleic acid or variant thereof; and    -   (ii) cultivating the plant cell under conditions promoting plant        growth and development.

The nucleic acid may be introduced directly into a plant cell or intothe plant itself (including introduction into a tissue, organ or anyother part of a plant). According to a preferred feature of the presentinvention, the nucleic acid is preferably introduced into a plant bytransformation.

The term “introduction” or “transformation” as referred to herein is asdefined in the “Definitions” section. The genetically modified plantcells can be regenerated via all methods with which the skilled workeris familiar. Suitable methods can be found in the abovementionedpublications by S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Potrykus or Höfgen and Willmitzer.

Generally after transformation, plant cells or cell groupings areselected for the presence of one or more markers which are encoded byplant-expressible genes co-transferred with the gene of interest,following which the transformed material is regenerated into a wholeplant. To select transformed plants, the plant material obtained in thetransformation is, as a rule, subjected to selective conditions so thattransformed plants can be distinguished from untransformed plants. Forexample, the seeds obtained in the above-described manner can be plantedand, after an initial growing period, subjected to a suitable selectionby spraying. A further possibility consists in growing the seeds, ifappropriate after sterilization, on agar plates using a suitableselection agent so that only the transformed seeds can grow into plants.Alternatively, the transformed plants are screened for the presence of aselectable marker such as the ones described above.

Following DNA transfer and regeneration, putatively transformed plantsmay also be evaluated, for instance using Southern analysis, for thepresence of the gene of interest, copy number and/or genomicorganisation. Alternatively or additionally, expression levels of thenewly introduced DNA may be monitored using Northern and/or Westernanalysis, both techniques being well known to persons having ordinaryskill in the art.

The generated transformed plants may be propagated by a variety ofmeans, such as by clonal propagation or classical breeding techniques.For example, a first generation (or T1) transformed plant may be selfedand homozygous second-generation (or T2) transformants selected, and theT2 plants may then further be propagated through classical breedingtechniques.

The generated transformed organisms may take a variety of forms. Forexample, they may be chimeras of transformed cells and non-transformedcells; clonal transformants (e.g., all cells transformed to contain theexpression cassette); grafts of transformed and untransformed tissues(e.g., in plants, a transformed rootstock grafted to an untransformedscion).

The present invention clearly extends to any plant cell or plantproduced by any of the methods described herein, and to all plant partsand propagules thereof. The present invention extends further toencompass the progeny of a primary transformed or transfected cell,tissue, organ or whole plant that has been produced by any of theaforementioned methods, the only requirement being that progeny exhibitthe same genotypic and/or phenotypic characteristic(s) as those producedby the parent in the methods according to the invention.

The invention also includes host cells containing an isolated nucleicacid encoding a CAH3 protein as defined hereinabove. Preferred hostcells according to the invention are plant cells.

Host plants for the nucleic acids or the vector used in the methodaccording to the invention, the expression cassette or construct orvector are, in principle, advantageously all plants, which are capableof synthesizing the polypeptides used in the inventive method.

The invention also extends to harvestable parts of a plant such as, butnot limited to seeds, leaves, fruits, flowers, stems, rhizomes, tubersand bulbs. The invention furthermore relates to products derived,preferably directly derived, from a harvestable part of such a plant,such as dry pellets or powders, oil, fat and fatty acids, starch orproteins.

According to a preferred feature of the invention, the modulatedexpression is increased expression. The terms “increasedexpression/overexpression” are as defined herein.

As mentioned above, a preferred method for modulating (preferably,increasing) expression of a nucleic acid encoding a CAH3 protein is byintroducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid encoding a CAH3protein; however the effects of performing the method, i.e. enhancingyield-related traits may also be achieved using other well knowntechniques. A description of some of these techniques will now follow.

One such technique is T-DNA activation tagging, which is detailed in the“Definitions” section herein. The effects of the invention may also bereproduced using the technique of TILLING (Targeted Induced LocalLesions In Genomes), also detailed in the “Definitions” section herein.

The effects of the invention may also be reproduced using homologousrecombination, which is also detailed in the “Definitions” sectionherein.

Reference herein to enhanced yield-related traits is taken to mean anincrease in biomass (weight) of one or more parts of a plant, which mayinclude aboveground (harvestable) parts and/or (harvestable) parts belowground. In particular, such harvestable parts are seeds, and performanceof the methods of the invention results in plants having increased seedyield relative to the seed yield of suitable control plants.

The term “yield” and “seed yield” are defined in the “Definitions”section herein. The terms “increase”, “enhance” or “improve” are alsodefined herein.

Taking corn as an example, a yield increase may be manifested as one ormore of the following: increase in the number of plants established perhectare or acre, an increase in the number of ears per plant, anincrease in the number of rows, number of kernels per row, kernelweight, thousand kernel weight, ear length/diameter, increase in theseed filling rate (which is the number of filled seeds divided by thetotal number of seeds and multiplied by 100), among others. Taking riceas an example, a yield increase may manifest itself as an increase inone or more of the following: number of plants per hectare or acre,number of panicles per plant, number of spikelets per panicle, number offlowers (florets) per panicle (which is expressed as a ratio of thenumber of filled seeds over the number of primary panicles), increase inthe seed filling rate (which is the number of filled seeds divided bythe total number of seeds and multiplied by 100), increase in thousandkernel weight, among others.

Since the transgenic plants according to the present invention haveincreased yield, it is likely that these plants exhibit an increasedgrowth rate (during at least part of their life cycle), relative to thegrowth rate of control plants at a corresponding stage in their lifecycle. The increased growth rate may be specific to one or more parts ofa plant (including seeds), or may be throughout substantially the wholeplant. Plants having an increased growth rate may have a shorter lifecycle. The life cycle of a plant may be taken to mean the time needed togrow from a dry mature seed up to the stage where the plant has produceddry mature seeds, similar to the starting material. This life cycle maybe influenced by factors such as early vigour, growth rate, greennessindex, flowering time and speed of seed maturation. The increase ingrowth rate may take place at one or more stages in the life cycle of aplant or during substantially the whole plant life cycle. Increasedgrowth rate during the early stages in the life cycle of a plant mayreflect enhanced vigour. The increase in growth rate may alter theharvest cycle of a plant allowing plants to be sown later and/orharvested sooner than would otherwise be possible (a similar effect maybe obtained with earlier flowering time). If the growth rate issufficiently increased, it may allow for the further sowing of seeds ofthe same plant species (for example sowing and harvesting of rice plantsfollowed by sowing and harvesting of further rice plants all within oneconventional growing period). Similarly, if the growth rate issufficiently increased, it may allow for the further sowing of seeds ofdifferent plants species (for example the sowing and harvesting of cornplants followed by, for example, the sowing and optional harvesting ofsoy bean, potato or any other suitable plant). Harvesting additionaltimes from the same rootstock in the case of some crop plants may alsobe possible. Altering the harvest cycle of a plant may lead to anincrease in annual biomass production per acre (due to an increase inthe number of times (say in a year) that any particular plant may begrown and harvested). An increase in growth rate may also allow for thecultivation of transgenic plants in a wider geographical area than theirwild-type counterparts, since the territorial limitations for growing acrop are often determined by adverse environmental conditions either atthe time of planting (early season) or at the time of harvesting (lateseason). Such adverse conditions may be avoided if the harvest cycle isshortened. The growth rate may be determined by deriving variousparameters from growth curves, such parameters may be: T-Mid (the timetaken for plants to reach 50% of their maximal size) and T-90 (timetaken for plants to reach 90% of their maximal size), amongst others.

According to a preferred feature of the present invention, performanceof the methods of the invention gives plants having an increased growthrate relative to control plants. Therefore, according to the presentinvention, there is provided a method for increasing the growth rate ofplants, which method comprises modulating expression, preferablyincreasing expression, in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding a CAH3protein as defined herein.

An increase in yield and/or growth rate occurs whether the plant isunder non-stress conditions or whether the plant is exposed to variousstresses compared to control plants. Plants typically respond toexposure to stress by growing more slowly. In conditions of severestress, the plant may even stop growing altogether. Mild stress on theother hand is defined herein as being any stress to which a plant isexposed which does not result in the plant ceasing to grow altogetherwithout the capacity to resume growth. Mild stress in the sense of theinvention leads to a reduction in the growth of the stressed plants ofless than 40%, 35% or 30%, preferably less than 25%, 20% or 15%, morepreferably less than 14%, 13%, 12%, 11% or 10% or less in comparison tothe control plant under non-stress conditions. Due to advances inagricultural practices (irrigation, fertilization, pesticide treatments)severe stresses are not often encountered in cultivated crop plants. Asa consequence, the compromised growth induced by mild stress is often anundesirable feature for agriculture. Mild stresses are the everydaybiotic and/or abiotic (environmental) stresses to which a plant isexposed. Abiotic stresses may be due to drought or excess water,anaerobic stress, salt stress, chemical toxicity, oxidative stress andhot, cold or freezing temperatures. The abiotic stress may be an osmoticstress caused by a water stress (particularly due to drought), saltstress, oxidative stress or an ionic stress. Biotic stresses aretypically those stresses caused by pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses,fungi and insects.

In particular, the methods of the present invention may be performedunder non-stress conditions or under conditions of mild drought to giveplants having increased yield relative to control plants. As reported inWang et al. (Planta (2003) 218: 1-14), abiotic stress leads to a seriesof morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes thatadversely affect plant growth and productivity. Drought, salinity,extreme temperatures and oxidative stress are known to be interconnectedand may induce growth and cellular damage through similar mechanisms.Rabbani et al. (Plant Physiol (2003) 133: 1755-1767) describes aparticularly high degree of “cross talk” between drought stress andhigh-salinity stress. For example, drought and/or salinisation aremanifested primarily as osmotic stress, resulting in the disruption ofhomeostasis and ion distribution in the cell. Oxidative stress, whichfrequently accompanies high or low temperature, salinity or droughtstress, may cause denaturing of functional and structural proteins. As aconsequence, these diverse environmental stresses often activate similarcell signaling pathways and cellular responses, such as the productionof stress proteins, up-regulation of anti-oxidants, accumulation ofcompatible solutes and growth arrest. The term “non-stress” conditionsas used herein are those environmental conditions that allow optimalgrowth of plants. Persons skilled in the art are aware of normal soilconditions and climatic conditions for a given location.

Performance of the methods of the invention gives plants grown undernon-stress conditions or under mild drought conditions increased yieldrelative to suitable control plants grown under comparable conditions.Therefore, according to the present invention, there is provided amethod for increasing yield in plants grown under non-stress conditionsor under mild drought conditions, which method comprises increasingexpression in a plant of a nucleic acid encoding a CAH3 polypeptide.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the increase in yield and/orgrowth rate occurs according to the methods of the present inventionunder non-stress conditions.

The methods of the invention are advantageously applicable to any plant,there term “plant” is defined herein and examples of plants useful inthe methods of the invention are also provided.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the plantis a crop plant. Examples of crop plants include soybean, sunflower,canola, alfalfa, rapeseed, cotton, tomato, potato and tobacco. Furtherpreferably, the plant is a monocotyledonous plant. Examples ofmonocotyledonous plants include sugarcane. More preferably the plant isa cereal. Examples of cereals include rice, maize, wheat, barley,millet, rye, sorghum and oats.

The present invention also encompasses use of nucleic acids encoding theCAH3 protein described herein and use of these CAH3 proteins inenhancing yield-related traits in plants.

Nucleic acids encoding the CAH3 protein described herein, or the CAH3proteins themselves, may find use in breeding programmes in which a DNAmarker is identified which may be genetically linked to a CAH3-encodinggene. The nucleic acids/genes, or the CAH3 proteins themselves may beused to define a molecular marker. This DNA or protein marker may thenbe used in breeding programmes to select plants having enhancedyield-related traits as defined hereinabove in the methods of theinvention.

Allelic variants of a CAH3 protein-encoding nucleic acid/gene may alsofind use in marker-assisted breeding programmes. Such breedingprogrammes sometimes require introduction of allelic variation bymutagenic treatment of the plants, using for example EMS mutagenesis;alternatively, the programme may start with a collection of allelicvariants of so called “natural” origin caused unintentionally.Identification of allelic variants then takes place, for example, byPCR. This is followed by a step for selection of superior allelicvariants of the sequence in question and which give increased yield.Selection is typically carried out by monitoring growth performance ofplants containing different allelic variants of the sequence inquestion. Growth performance may be monitored in a greenhouse or in thefield. Further optional steps include crossing plants in which thesuperior allelic variant was identified with another plant. This couldbe used, for example, to make a combination of interesting phenotypicfeatures.

Nucleic acids encoding CAH3 proteins may also be used as probes forgenetically and physically mapping the genes that they are a part of,and as markers for traits linked to those genes. Such information may beuseful in plant breeding in order to develop lines with desiredphenotypes. Such use of CAH3 protein-encoding nucleic acids requiresonly a nucleic acid sequence of at least 15 nucleotides in length. TheCAH3 protein-encoding nucleic acids may be used as restriction fragmentlength polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Southern blots (Sambrook J, FritschE F and Maniatis T (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual) ofrestriction-digested plant genomic DNA may be probed with the CAH3protein-encoding nucleic acids. The resulting banding patterns may thenbe subjected to genetic analyses using computer programs such asMapMaker (Lander et al. (1987) Genomics 1: 174-181) in order toconstruct a genetic map. In addition, the nucleic acids may be used toprobe Southern blots containing restriction endonuclease-treated genomicDNAs of a set of individuals representing parent and progeny of adefined genetic cross. Segregation of the DNA polymorphisms is noted andused to calculate the position of the CAH3 protein-encoding nucleic acidin the genetic map previously obtained using this population (Botsteinet al. (1980) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32:314-331).

The production and use of plant gene-derived probes for use in geneticmapping is described in Bernatzky and Tanksley (1986) Plant Mol. Biol.Reporter 4: 37-41. Numerous publications describe genetic mapping ofspecific cDNA clones using the methodology outlined above or variationsthereof. For example, F2 intercross populations, backcross populations,randomly mated populations, near isogenic lines, and other sets ofindividuals may be used for mapping. Such methodologies are well knownto those skilled in the art.

The nucleic acid probes may also be used for physical mapping (i.e.,placement of sequences on physical maps; see Hoheisel et al. In:Non-mammalian Genomic Analysis: A Practical Guide, Academic press 1996,pp. 319-346, and references cited therein).

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid probes may be used in directfluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) mapping (Trask (1991) TrendsGenet. 7:149-154). Although current methods of FISH mapping favour useof large clones (several kb to several hundred kb; see Laan et al.(1995) Genome Res. 5:13-20), improvements in sensitivity may allowperformance of FISH mapping using shorter probes.

A variety of nucleic acid amplification-based methods for genetic andphysical mapping may be carried out using the nucleic acids. Examplesinclude allele-specific amplification (Kazazian (1989) J. Lab. Clin. Med11:95-96), polymorphism of PCR-amplified fragments (CAPS; Sheffield etal. (1993) Genomics 16:325-332), allele-specific ligation (Landegren etal. (1988) Science 241:1077-1080), nucleotide extension reactions(Sokolov (1990) Nucleic Acid Res. 18:3671), Radiation Hybrid Mapping(Walter et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 7:22-28) and Happy Mapping (Dear andCook (1989) Nucleic Acid Res. 17:6795-6807). For these methods, thesequence of a nucleic acid is used to design and produce primer pairsfor use in the amplification reaction or in primer extension reactions.The design of such primers is well known to those skilled in the art. Inmethods employing PCR-based genetic mapping, it may be necessary toidentify DNA sequence differences between the parents of the mappingcross in the region corresponding to the instant nucleic acid sequence.This, however, is generally not necessary for mapping methods.

The methods according to the present invention result in plants havingenhanced yield-related traits, as described hereinbefore. These traitsmay also be combined with other economically advantageous traits, suchas further yield-enhancing traits, tolerance to other abiotic and bioticstresses, traits modifying various architectural features and/orbiochemical and/or physiological features.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION CLAVATA

Surprisingly, it has now been found that increasing expression in aplant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a YEP, which YEP is a CLV1polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain, gives plants havingenhanced yield-related traits relative to control plants. The particularclass of CLV1 polypeptides suitable for disrupting the biologicalfunction of the C-terminal domain for the purpose of enhancingyield-related traits in plants relative to control plants is describedin detail below.

The present invention provides a method for enhancing yield-relatedtraits in plants relative to control plants, comprising increasingexpression in a plant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain. The term “controlplant” is as defined in the “Definitions” section herein.

Any reference hereinafter to a “protein useful in the methods of theinvention” is taken to mean a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functionalC-terminal domain as defined herein. Any reference hereinafter to a“nucleic acid sequence useful in the methods of the invention” is takento mean a nucleic acid sequence capable of encoding such a CLV1polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain. The terms“polypeptide” and “protein” are as defined herein and the terms“polynucleotide(s)”, “nucleic acid sequence(s)”, “nucleotidesequence(s)” are also defined in the “Definitions” section herein.

A preferred method for increasing expression of a nucleic acid sequenceencoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain, isby introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid sequenceencoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain asdefined below.

The nucleic acid sequence to be introduced into a plant (and thereforeuseful in performing the methods of the invention) is any nucleic acidsequence encoding the type of polypeptide which will now be described.

CLV1 polypeptides are well known in the art and are easily identifiableby the presence from N-terminus to C-terminus of: (i) a signal peptidefor ER subcellular targeting; (ii) an extracellular LRR domaincomprising 20, 21, or 22 LRRs; (iii) a transmembrane domain; and (iv) anintracellular serine/threonine kinase domain (see FIGS. 10 a and 11, andExample 28). Furthermore, a CLV1 polypeptide may additionally comprisean amino acid sequence with 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98% or moreidentity to SEQ ID NO: 212 (Example 27).

Additionally, a CLV1 polypeptide may comprise from N-terminus toC-terminus one or both of: (i) Motif 1 as represented by SEQ ID NO: 236;or (ii) Motif 2 as represented by SEQ ID NO: 237. Preferably Motif 1 andMotif 2 are comprised between the signal peptide and the LRR domain. Thepresence of Motif 1 and Motif 2 was determined as described in Example26.

The most conserved amino acids within Motif 1 are LXDW, and within Motif2 XHCXFXGVXCD (where X is a specified subset of amino acids differingfor each position, as presented in SEQ ID NO: 236 and SEQ ID NO: 237).Within Motif 1 and Motif 2, are allowed one or more conservative changeat any position. Alternatively or additionally, within Motif 1 isallowed one non-conservative change at any position, within Motif 2 areallowed one, two or three non-conservative change(s) at any position.

Alternatively or additionally, a CLV1 polypeptide as defined hereinrefers to any polypeptide which when used in the construction of aLRR-RLK phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 10 b, tendsto cluster with the group of polypeptides comprising the amino acidsequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 212 (represented by a bracket) ratherthan with any other group of LRR-RLK polypeptides.

A person skilled in the art could readily determine whether any aminoacid sequence in question falls within the definition of a “CLV1”polypeptide using known techniques and software for the making of such aphylogenetic tree, such as a GCG, EBI or CLUSTAL package, using defaultparameters. Any amino acid sequence clustering within the groupcomprising SEQ ID NO: 212 would be considered to fall within theaforementioned definition of a CLV1 polypeptide, and would be consideredsuitable for use in the methods of the invention. Such methods aredescribed in Example 25.

Any CLV1 polypeptide is rendered useful in the methods of the inventionby disrupting the biological function of the C-terminal domain of thisCLV1 polypeptide. Such methods (for disrupting the biological function)are well known in the art and include: removal, substitution and/orinsertion of amino acids of the C-terminal domain of the CLV1polypeptide. Examples of such methods are described in Example 31. Oneor more amino acid(s) from the C-terminal domain of a CLV1 polypeptidemay be removed, substituted and/or inserted.

For the purposes of this application, the C-terminal domain of a CLV1polypeptide is taken to mean the amino acid sequence following the aminoacid sequence encoding the transmembrane domain (from N terminus to Cterminus) (see FIGS. 10 and 11), and comprises: (i) the kinase domain;and (ii) one or more phosphorylatable amino acid(s).

An example of a CLV1 polypeptide having a non-functional C-terminaldomain is the polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 210, with encodingnucleic acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 209. The amino acidsequence beginning the Arg (R) residue of the RLL motif of kinasesubdomain IV (see FIG. 11) and ending at the C-terminus of the fulllength CLV1 polypeptide (as represented by SEQ ID NO: 212) has beenremoved.

Examples of CLV1 polypeptides are given in Table C in the ExamplesSection herein; these sequences may be rendered useful in the methods ofthe invention by disrupting the biological function of the C-terminaldomain of the polypeptide, for example by using any of the methods (fordisrupting the biological function) discussed herein.

Also useful in the methods of the invention are homologues of any one ofthe amino acid sequences given in Table C herein, the term “Homologues”being as defined herein.

Also useful in the methods of the invention are derivatives of any oneof the polypeptides given in Table C or orthologues or paralogues of anyof the SEQ ID NOs given in Table C. “Derivatives” are also definedherein.

The invention is illustrated by transforming plants with the Arabidopsisthaliana nucleic acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 209 (comprisedin SEQ ID NO: 211), encoding the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 210(comprised in SEQ ID NO: 212), however performance of the invention isnot restricted to these sequences. The methods of the invention mayadvantageously be performed using any nucleic acid sequence encoding aCLV1 polypeptide having a non-functional C-terminal domain as definedherein, including orthologues and paralogues, such as any of the nucleicacid sequences given in Table C of Example 25, having a non-functionalC-terminal domain, for example by using any of the methods (fordisrupting the biological function) discussed herein.

The amino acid sequences given in Table C herein may be considered to beorthologues and paralogues of the CLV1 polypeptide represented by SEQ IDNO: 212. Orthologues and paralogues being as defined herein.

Orthologues and paralogues may easily be found by performing a so-calledreciprocal blast search. Typically, this involves a first BLASTinvolving BLASTing a query sequence (for example using any of thesequences listed in Table C) against any sequence database, such as thepublicly available NCBI database. BLASTN or TBLASTX (using standarddefault values) are generally used when starting from a nucleotidesequence, and BLASTP or TBLASTN (using standard default values) whenstarting from a protein sequence. The BLAST results may optionally befiltered. The full-length sequences of either the filtered results ornon-filtered results are then BLASTed back (second BLAST) againstsequences from the organism from which the query sequence is derived(where the query sequence is SEQ ID NO: 211 or SEQ ID NO: 212, thesecond BLAST would therefore be against Arabidopsis sequences). Theresults of the first and second BLASTs are then compared. A paralogue isidentified if a high-ranking hit from the first blast is from the samespecies as from which the query sequence is derived, a BLAST back thenideally results in the query sequence as highest hit; an orthologue isidentified if a high-ranking hit in the first BLAST is not from the samespecies as from which the query sequence is derived, and preferablyresults upon BLAST back in the query sequence being among the highesthits.

High-ranking hits are those having a low E-value. The lower the E-value,the more significant the score (or in other words the lower the chancethat the hit was found by chance). Computation of the E-value is wellknown in the art. In addition to E-values, comparisons are also scoredby percentage identity. Percentage identity refers to the number ofidentical nucleotides (or amino acids) between the two compared nucleicacid (or polypeptide) sequences over a particular length. In the case oflarge families, ClustalW may be used, followed by a neighbour joiningtree, to help visualize clustering of related genes and to identifyorthologues and paralogues. Sequences so identified may subsequently berendered useful in the methods of the invention by disrupting thebiological function of the C-terminal domain of the polypeptide, forexample by using any of the methods (for disrupting the biologicalfunction) discussed herein.

Table C of Example 25 gives examples of orthologues and paralogues ofthe CLV1 polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO 212. Further orthologuesand paralogues may readily be identified using the BLAST proceduredescribed above. Sequences so identified are subsequently rendereduseful in the methods of the invention by disrupting the biologicalfunction of the C-terminal domain of the polypeptide, for example byusing any of the methods (for disrupting the biological function)discussed herein.

The proteins of the invention are identifiable by the presence ofspecific domains, the term “domain” being as defined herein. The term“motif” or “consensus sequence” or “signature” is also defined herein.

Specialist databases also exist for the identification of domains, forexample, SMART (Schultz et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95,5857-5864; Letunic et al. (2002) Nucleic Acids Res 30, 242-244),InterPro (Mulder et al., (2003) Nucl. Acids. Res. 31, 315-318), Prosite(Bucher and Bairoch (1994), A generalized profile syntax forbiomolecular sequences motifs and its function in automatic sequenceinterpretation. (In) ISMB-94; Proceedings 2nd International Conferenceon Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology. Altman R., Brutlag D.,Karp P., Lathrop R., Searls D., Eds., pp 53-61, AAAIPress, Menlo Park;Hulo et al., Nucl. Acids. Res. 32:D134-D137, (2004), or PFam (Bateman etal., Nucleic Acids Research 30(1): 276-280 (2002). A set of tools for insilico analysis of protein sequences is available on the ExPASYproteomics server (hosted by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics(Gasteiger et al., ExPASy: the proteomics server for in-depth proteinknowledge and analysis, Nucleic Acids Res. 31:3784-3788 (2003)). InExample 28, are listed the entry accession numbers of the differentdomains identified by performing such an analysis. For example, aleucine-rich repeat has an InterPro accession number IPR001611, a Printsaccession number PR00019, and a PFam accession number PF00560. The LRRdomain comprises 20, 21 or 22 such leucine-rich repeats (LRR)s. Thekinase domain is identified by InterPro accession number IPR000719, aPFam accession number PF00069, a Prosite accession number PS50011 and aPropom accession number PD000001. In addition, the kinase domain activesite is also identified, as IPR008271. Mutation(s) within this site canbe introduced to abolish (or reduce) kinase activity, which is onemethod of disrupting the biological function the C-terminal domain of aCVL1 polypeptide useful in performing the methods of the invention.

Software algorithms are available to predict subcellular localisation ofa polypeptide, or to predict the presence of transmembrane domains. InExample 30, the TargetP1.1 algorithm and the TMHMM2.0 algorithm arerespectively used to predict that the CLV1 polypeptide as represented bySEQ ID NO: 212 presents at its N-terminus a signal peptide for ERtargeting (endoplasmic reticulum), and comprises a transmembrane domain(across the plasma membrane). Furthermore, the TMHMM2.0 algorithmpredicts that the LRR domain is located outside of the cell (to act asan extracellular receptor), whereas the kinase domain is located withinthe cell (to act a signal transducer).

Domains and motifs may also be identified using routine techniques, suchas by sequence alignment. Methods for the alignment of sequences forcomparison are well known in the art, such methods include GAP, BESTFIT,BLAST, FASTA and TFASTA. GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch((1970) J Mol Biol 48: 443-453) to find the global (i.e. spanning thecomplete sequences) alignment of two sequences that maximizes the numberof matches and minimizes the number of gaps. The BLAST algorithm(Altschul et al. (1990) J Mol Biol 215: 403-10) calculates percentsequence identity and performs a statistical analysis of the similaritybetween the two sequences. The software for performing BLAST analysis ispublicly available through the National Centre for BiotechnologyInformation (NCBI). Homologues may readily be identified using, forexample, the ClustalW multiple sequence alignment algorithm (version1.83), with the default pairwise alignment parameters, and a scoringmethod in percentage. Global percentages of similarity and identity mayalso be determined using one of the methods available in the MatGATsoftware package (Campanella et al., BMC Bioinformatics. 2003 Jul. 10;4:29. MatGAT: an application that generates similarity/identity matricesusing protein or DNA sequences.). Minor manual editing may be performedto optimise alignment between conserved motifs, as would be apparent toa person skilled in the art. Furthermore, instead of using full-lengthsequences for the identification of homologues, specific domains (suchas the LRR domain or the kinase domain, or one of the motifs definedherein) may be used as well. The sequence identity values, which areindicated below in Example 3 as a percentage were determined over theentire nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, and/or over selected domainsor conserved motif(s), using the programs mentioned above using thedefault parameters. Preferably, a CLV1 polypeptide has 50%, 60%, 70%,80%, 90%, 95%, 98% or more amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:212 (Example 27). After its identification, a CLV1 polypeptide isrendered useful in the methods of the invention by disrupting thebiological function of the C-terminal domain of the polypeptide asdescribed herein.

In some instances, default parameters may be adjusted to modify thestringency of the search. For example using BLAST, the statisticalsignificance threshold (called “expect” value) for reporting matchesagainst database sequences may be increased to show less stringentmatches. In this way, short nearly exact matches may be identified.Motif 1 as represented by SEQ ID NO: 236 and Motif 2 as represented bySEQ ID NO: 237 both comprised in CLV1 polypeptides useful in the methodsof the invention can be identified this way (FIG. 11, Example 26).Preferably Motif 1 and Motif 2 are comprised between the signal peptideand the LRR domain.

The most conserved amino acids within Motif 1 are LXDW, and within Motif2 XHCXFXGVXCD (where X is a specified subset of amino acids differingfor each position, as presented in SEQ ID NO: 236 and SEQ ID NO: 237).Within Motif 1 and Motif 2, are allowed one or more conservative changeat any position. Alternatively or additionally, within Motif 1 isallowed one non-conservative change at any position, within Motif 2 areallowed one, two or three non-conservative change(s) at any position.

CLV1 polypeptides in their native form typically have kinase activityand are capable of autophosphorylation. Kinase assays are easilyperformed and are well known in the art. Furthermore, CLV1 polypeptidesare capable of interacting with other polypeptides in planta (CLV3, KAPPand more) and in vitro (such as with KAPP in a yeast-two-hybrid assay;Trotochaud et al. (1999) Plant Cell 11, 393-406). After itsidentification, a CLV1 polypeptide is rendered useful in the methods ofthe invention by disrupting the biological function of the C-terminaldomain of the polypeptide. Further details are provided in Example 31.

Nucleic acid sequences encoding proteins useful in the methods of theinvention need not be full-length nucleic acid sequences, sinceperformance of the methods of the invention does not rely on the use offull-length nucleic acid sequences. Examples of nucleic acid sequencessuitable for use in performing the methods of the invention include thenucleic acid sequences given in Table C, but are not limited to thosesequences. Nucleic acid variants may also be useful in practising themethods of the invention. Examples of such nucleic acid variants includeportions of nucleic acid sequences encoding a protein useful in themethods of the invention, nucleic acid sequences hybridising to nucleicacid sequences encoding a protein useful in the methods of theinvention, splice variants of nucleic acid sequences encoding a proteinuseful in the methods of the invention, allelic variants of nucleic acidsequences encoding a protein useful in the methods of the invention andvariants of nucleic acid sequences encoding a protein useful in themethods of the invention that are obtained by gene shuffling. The termsportion, hybridising sequence, splice variant, allelic variant, variantobtained by gene shuffling, and variant obtained by site-directedmutagenesis will now be described.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forenhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing andexpressing in a plant a portion of any one of the nucleic acid sequencesgiven in Table C, or a portion of a nucleic acid sequence encoding anorthologue, paralogue or homologue of any of the amino acid sequencesgiven in Table C of Example 25. After its identification, a CLV1polypeptide is rendered useful in the methods of the invention bydisrupting the biological function of the C-terminal domain of thepolypeptide.

Portions useful in the methods of the invention, encode a polypeptidefalling within the definition of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain as defined herein.The portion typically lacks the nucleic acid sequence encoding theC-terminal domain or parts thereof (from N-terminus to C-terminus, thenucleic acid sequence downstream of the nucleic acid sequence encodingthe transmembrane domain). Preferably, the portion is a portion of anyone of the nucleic acid sequences given in Table C of Example 25. Morepreferably, the portion is a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQID NO: 211. Most preferably, the portion is as represented by SEQ ID NO:209.

A portion of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with anon-functional C-terminal domain as defined herein may be prepared, forexample, by making one or more deletions to the nucleic acid sequence.The portions may be used in isolated form or they may be fused to othercoding (or non-coding) sequences in order to, for example, produce aprotein that combines several activities. When fused to other codingsequences, the resultant polypeptide produced upon translation may bebigger than that predicted for the CLV1 polypeptide portion.

Another nucleic acid variant useful in the methods of the invention is anucleic acid sequence capable of hybridising, under reduced stringencyconditions, preferably under stringent conditions, with a nucleic acidsequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptide as defined herein, or with aportion as defined herein. The term “hybridisation” is as definedherein.

Hybridising sequences useful in the methods of the invention encode aCLV1 polypeptide as represented by any of the amino acid sequences givenin Table C of Example 25. The hybridising sequence is typically at least500 or 1000 consecutive nucleotides in length, preferably at least 1500or 2000 consecutive nucleotides in length, more preferably at least 2500consecutive nucleotides in length and most preferably at least 2900consecutive nucleotides in length, the consecutive nucleotides being ofany one of the nucleic acid sequences given in Table C. Preferably, thehybridising sequence is one that is capable of hybridising to any of thenucleic acid sequences given in Table C, or to a portion of any of thesesequences, a portion being as defined above. Most preferably, thehybridising sequence is capable of hybridising to a nucleic acidsequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 211 or to a portion thereof.Preferably, the hybridising sequence encodes an amino acid sequencecomprising any one or more of the motifs or domains as defined herein.Preferably, the hybridising sequence encodes an amino acid sequencewhich when used in the construction of an LRR-RLK phylogenetic tree,such as the one depicted in FIG. 10 b, tends to cluster with the groupof polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ IDNO: 212 (represented by a bracket) rather than with any other group ofLRR-RLK polypeptides. Such hybridising sequences are useful in themethods of the invention by disrupting the biological function of theC-terminal domain of the encoded polypeptide, for example by using anyof the methods (for disrupting the biological function) discussedherein.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forenhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing andexpressing in a plant a nucleic acid sequence capable of hybridizing toany one of the nucleic acid sequences given in the Table C, orcomprising introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleic acid sequencecapable of hybridising to a nucleic acid sequence encoding anorthologue, paralogue or homologue of any of the nucleic acid sequencesgiven in Table C. Such hybridising sequences are rendered useful in themethods of the invention by disrupting the biological function of theC-terminal domain of the encoded polypeptide, for example by using anyof the methods (for disrupting the biological function) discussedherein.

Another nucleic acid variant useful in the methods of the invention is asplice variant encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functionalC-terminal domain. The term “splice variant” being as defined herein.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forenhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing andexpressing in a plant a splice variant of any one of the nucleic acidsequences given in Table C, or a splice variant of a nucleic acidsequence encoding an orthologue, paralogue or homologue of any of theamino acid sequences given in Table C. Such splice variants are rendereduseful in the methods of the invention by disrupting the biologicalfunction of the C-terminal domain of the encoded polypeptide, forexample by using any of the methods (for disrupting the biologicalfunction) discussed herein.

Preferred splice variants are splice variants of a nucleic acid sequencerepresented by SEQ ID NO: 211 or a splice variant of a nucleic acidsequence encoding an orthologue or paralogue of SEQ ID NO: 212.Preferably, the amino acid sequence encoded by the splice variant, whenused in the construction of a LRR-RLK phylogenetic tree, such as the onedepicted in FIG. 10 b, tends to cluster with the group of polypeptidescomprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 212(represented by a bracket) rather than with any other group of LRR-RLKpolypeptides. Such splice variants are rendered useful in the methods ofthe invention by disrupting the biological function of the C-terminaldomain of the encoded polypeptide, for example by using any of themethods (for disrupting the biological function) discussed herein.

Another nucleic acid variant useful in performing the methods of theinvention is an allelic variant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding aCLV1 polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain. Alleles orallelic variants are alternative forms of a given gene, located at thesame chromosomal position. Allelic variants exist in nature, andencompassed within the methods of the present invention is the use ofthese natural alleles. Allelic variants encompass Single NucleotidePolymorphisms (SNPs), as well as Small Insertion/Deletion Polymorphisms(INDELs). The size of INDELs is usually less than 100 bp. SNPs andINDELs form the largest set of sequence variants in naturally occurringpolymorphic strains of most organisms.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forenhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing andexpressing in a plant an allelic variant of any one of the nucleic acidsequences given in Table C, or comprising introducing and expressing ina plant an allelic variant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding anorthologue, paralogue or homologue of any of the amino acid sequencesgiven in Table C. Such allelic variants are rendered useful in themethods of the invention by disrupting the biological function of theC-terminal domain of the encoded polypeptide, for example by using anyof the methods (for disrupting the biological function) discussedherein.

Preferably, the allelic variant is an allelic variant of SEQ ID NO: 211or an allelic variant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an orthologueor paralogue of SEQ ID NO: 212. Preferably, the amino acid sequenceencoded by the allelic variant, when used in the construction of aLRR-RLK phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 10 b, tendsto cluster with the group of polypeptides comprising the amino acidsequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 212 (represented by a bracket) ratherthan with any other group of LRR-RLK polypeptides. Such allelic variantsare rendered useful in the methods of the invention by disrupting thebiological function of the C-terminal domain of the encoded polypeptide,for example by using any of the methods (for disrupting the biologicalfunction) discussed herein.

A further nucleic acid variant useful in the methods of the invention isa nucleic acid variant obtained by gene shuffling. Gene shuffling ordirected evolution may also be used to generate variants of nucleic acidsequences encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminaldomain. This consists of iterations of DNA shuffling followed byappropriate screening and/or selection to generate variants of nucleicacid sequences or portions thereof encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with anon-functional C-terminal domain as defined above (Castle et al., (2004)Science 304(5674): 1151-4; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,811,238 and 6,395,547).

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forenhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing andexpressing in a plant a variant of any one of the nucleic acid sequencesgiven in Table C, or comprising introducing and expressing in a plant avariant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an orthologue, paralogue orhomologue of any of the amino acid sequences given in Table C, whichvariant nucleic acid sequence is obtained by gene shuffling.

Preferably, the amino acid sequence encoded by the variant nucleic acidsequence obtained by gene shuffling, when used in the construction aLRR-RLK phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted in FIG. 10 b, tendsto cluster with the group of polypeptides comprising the amino acidsequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 212 (represented by a bracket) ratherthan with any other group of LRR-RLK polypeptides. Such variantsobtained by gene shuffling are rendered useful in the methods of theinvention by disrupting the biological function of the C-terminal domainof the encoded polypeptide, for example by using any of the methods (fordisrupting the biological function) discussed herein.

Furthermore, nucleic acid variants may also be obtained by site-directedmutagenesis. Several methods are available to achieve site-directedmutagenesis, the most common being PCR based methods (Current Protocolsin Molecular Biology. Wiley Eds). Targets of site-directed mutagenesiswith the aim generate variants of nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain, are described inExample 31.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method forenhancing yield-related traits in plants, comprising introducing andexpressing in a plant a variant of any one of the nucleic acid sequencesgiven in Table C, or comprising introducing and expressing in a plant avariant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an orthologue, paralogue orhomologue of any of the amino acid sequences given in Table C, whichvariant nucleic acid sequence is obtained by site-directed mutagenesis.

Preferably, the amino acid sequence encoded by the variant nucleic acidsequence obtained by site-directed mutagenesis, when used in theconstruction a LRR-RLK phylogenetic tree, such as the one depicted inFIG. 10 b, tends to cluster with the group of polypeptides comprisingthe amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 212 (represented by abracket) rather than with any other group of LRR-RLK polypeptides. Suchvariants obtained by site-directed mutagenesis are rendered useful inthe methods of the invention by disrupting the biological function ofthe C-terminal domain of the encoded polypeptide, for example by usingany of the methods (for disrupting the biological function) discussedherein.

The following nucleic acid variants encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with anon-functional C-terminal domain, are examples of variants suitable inpractising the methods of the invention:

-   -   (i) a portion of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1; or    -   (ii) a nucleic acid sequence capable of hybridising with a        nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptide; or    -   (iii) a splice variant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a        CLV1 polypeptide; or    -   (iv) an allelic variant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a        CLV1; or    -   (v) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptide obtained        by gene shuffling; or    -   (vi) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptide        obtained by site-directed mutagenesis;

wherein the nucleic acid sequence in (i) to (vi) encodes a CLV1polypeptide with a non-functional domain.

Nucleic acid sequences encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functionalC-terminal domain may be derived from any natural or artificial source.The nucleic acid sequence may be modified from its native form incomposition and/or genomic environment through deliberate humanmanipulation. Preferably a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain is from a plant,further preferably from a dicot, more preferably from the Brassicaceaefamily, most preferably the nucleic acid sequence is from Arabidopsisthaliana.

Any reference herein to a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functionalC-terminal domain is therefore taken to mean a CLV1 polypeptide with anon-functional C-terminal domain as defined above. Any nucleic acidsequence encoding such a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functionalC-terminal domain is suitable for use in performing the methods of theinvention.

The present invention also encompasses plants or parts thereof(including seeds) obtainable by the methods according to the presentinvention. The plants or parts thereof comprise a nucleic acid transgeneencoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain asdefined above.

The invention also provides genetic constructs and vectors to facilitateintroduction and/or expression of the nucleic acid sequences useful inthe methods according to the invention, in a plant. The gene constructsmay be inserted into vectors, which may be commercially available,suitable for transforming into plants and suitable for expression of thegene of interest in the transformed cells. The invention also providesuse of a construct as defined herein in the methods of the invention.

More specifically, the present invention provides a construct comprising

-   -   (a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding CLV1 polypeptide with a        non-functional C-terminal domain as defined above;    -   (b) one or more control sequences capable of driving expression        of the nucleic acid sequence of (a); and optionally    -   (c) a transcription termination sequence.

In one embodiment, the control sequence of a construct is atissue-specific promoter for expression in young expanding tissues. Anexample of a tissue-specific promoter for expression in young expandingtissues is the beta-expansin promoter.

Plants are transformed with a vector comprising the sequence of interest(i.e., a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with anon-functional C-terminal domain as defined herein. The skilled artisanis well aware of the genetic elements that must be present on the vectorin order to successfully transform, select and propagate host cellscontaining the sequence of interest. The sequence of interest isoperably linked to one or more control sequences (at least to apromoter). The terms “regulatory element”, “control sequence” and“promoter” are as defined herein. The term “operably linked” is alsodefined herein.

Advantageously, any type of promoter may be used to drive expression ofthe nucleic acid sequence. The term “promoter” and “plant promoter” areas defined herein.

The promoter may be a constitutive promoter, as defined herein.Alternatively, the promoter may be an inducible promoter, as definedherein. Additionally or alternatively, the promoter may be anorgan-specific or tissue-specific promoter, as defined herein.

In one embodiment, a nucleic acid sequence encoding CLV1 polypeptidewith a non-functional C-terminal domain as defined above, such as thenucleic acid sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 209, is operablylinked to a promoter capable of preferentially expressing the nucleicacid sequence in young expanding tissues, or in the apical meristem.Preferably, the promoter capable of preferentially expressing thenucleic acid sequence in young expanding tissues has a comparableexpression profile to a beta-expansin promoter. More specifically, thepromoter capable of preferentially expressing the nucleic acid sequencein young expanding tissues is a promoter capable of driving expressionin the cell expansion zone of a shoot or root. Most preferably, thepromoter capable of preferentially expressing the nucleic acid sequencein young expanding tissues is the beta-expansin promoter (SEQ ID NO:241).

For the identification of functionally equivalent promoters, thepromoter strength and/or expression pattern of a candidate promoter maybe analysed for example by operably linking the promoter to a reportergene and assay the expression level and pattern of the reporter gene invarious tissues of the plant. Suitable well-known reporter genes includefor example beta-glucuronidase or beta galactosidase. The promoteractivity is assayed by measuring the enzymatic activity of thebeta-glucuronidase or beta-galactosidase. The promoter strength and/orexpression pattern may then be compared to that of a reference promoter(such as the one used in the methods of the present invention).Alternatively, promoter strength may be assayed by quantifying mRNAlevels or by comparing mRNA levels of the nucleic acid sequence used inthe methods of the present invention, with mRNA levels of housekeepinggenes such as 18S rRNA, using methods known in the art, such as Northernblotting with densitometric analysis of autoradiograms, quantitativereal-time PCR or RT-PCR (Heid et al., 1996 Genome Methods 6: 986-994).Generally by “weak promoter” is intended a promoter that drivesexpression of a coding sequence at a low level. By “low level” isintended at levels of about 1/10,000 transcripts to about 1/100,000transcripts, to about 1/500,0000 transcripts per cell. Conversely, a“strong promoter” drives expression of a coding sequence at high level,or at about 1/10 transcripts to about 1/100 transcripts to about 1/1,000transcripts per cell.

Optionally, one or more terminator sequences may be used in theconstruct introduced into a plant, the term “terminator” being asdefined herein. Additional regulatory elements may includetranscriptional as well as translational enhancers. Those skilled in theart will be aware of terminator and enhancer sequences that may besuitable for use in performing the invention. Such sequences would beknown or may readily be obtained by a person skilled in the art.

An intron sequence may also be added to the 5′ untranslated region (UTR)or in the coding sequence to increase the amount of the mature messagethat accumulates in the cytosol. Inclusion of a spliceable intron in thetranscription unit in both plant and animal expression constructs hasbeen shown to increase gene expression at both the mRNA and proteinlevels up to 1000-fold (Buchman and Berg, Mol. Cell Biol. 8:4395-4405(1988); Callis et al., Genes Dev. 1:1183-1200 (1987)). Such intronenhancement of gene expression is typically greatest when placed nearthe 5′ end of the transcription unit. Use of the maize introns Adh1-Sintron 1, 2, and 6, the Bronze-1 intron are known in the art. Forgeneral information, see The Maize Handbook, Chapter 116, Freeling andWalbot, Eds., Springer, N.Y. (1994).

Other control sequences (besides promoter, enhancer, silencer, intronsequences, 3′UTR and/or 5′UTR regions) may be protein and/or RNAstabilizing elements. Such sequences would be known or may readily beobtained by a person skilled in the art.

The genetic constructs of the invention may further include an origin ofreplication sequence that is required for maintenance and/or replicationin a specific cell type. One example is when a genetic construct isrequired to be maintained in a bacterial cell as an episomal geneticelement (e.g. plasmid or cosmid molecule). Preferred origins ofreplication include, but are not limited to, the f1-ori and colE1.

For the detection of the successful transfer of the nucleic acidsequences as used in the methods of the invention and/or selection oftransgenic plants comprising these nucleic acid sequences, it isadvantageous to use marker genes (or reporter genes). Therefore, thegenetic construct may optionally comprise a selectable marker gene. Seethe “Definitions” section herein for a description of the terms“selectable marker”, “selectable marker gene” or “reporter gene”.

The invention also provides a method for the production of transgenicplants having enhanced yield-related traits relative to control plants,comprising introduction and expression in a plant of any nucleic acidsequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminaldomain as defined hereinabove. The terms “transgenic”, “transgene” or“recombinant” means are defined herein.

More specifically, the present invention provides a method for theproduction of transgenic plants having enhanced yield-related traits,which method comprises:

-   -   (i) introducing and expressing in a plant or plant cell a        nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a        non-functional C-terminal domain, or variant thereof; and    -   (ii) cultivating the plant cell under conditions promoting plant        growth and development.

The nucleic acid sequence may be introduced directly into a plant cellor into the plant itself (including introduction into a tissue, organ orany other part of a plant). According to a preferred feature of thepresent invention, the nucleic acid sequence is preferably introducedinto a plant by transformation. The term “introduction” or“transformation” is as defined herein.

The genetically modified plant cells can be regenerated via all methodswith which the skilled worker is familiar. Suitable methods can be foundin the abovementioned publications by S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Potrykus orHöfgen and Willmitzer.

Generally after transformation, plant cells or cell groupings areselected for the presence of one or more markers which are encoded byplant-expressible genes co-transferred with the gene of interest,following which the transformed material is regenerated into a wholeplant. To select transformed plants, the plant material obtained in thetransformation is, as a rule, subjected to selective conditions so thattransformed plants can be distinguished from untransformed plants. Forexample, the seeds obtained in the above-described manner can be plantedand, after an initial growing period, subjected to a suitable selectionby spraying. A further possibility consists in growing the seeds, ifappropriate after sterilization, on agar plates using a suitableselection agent so that only the transformed seeds can grow into plants.Alternatively, the transformed plants are screened for the presence of aselectable marker such as the ones described above.

Following DNA transfer and regeneration, putatively transformed plantsmay also be evaluated, for instance using Southern analysis, for thepresence of the gene of interest, copy number and/or genomicorganisation. Alternatively or additionally, expression levels of thenewly introduced DNA may be monitored using Northern and/or Westernanalysis, both techniques being well known to persons having ordinaryskill in the art.

The generated transformed plants may be propagated by a variety ofmeans, such as by clonal propagation or classical breeding techniques.For example, a first generation (or T1) transformed plant may be selfedand homozygous second-generation (or T2) transformants selected, and theT2 plants may then further be propagated through classical breedingtechniques.

The generated transformed organisms may take a variety of forms. Forexample, they may be chimeras of transformed cells and non-transformedcells; clonal transformants (e.g., all cells transformed to contain theexpression cassette); grafts of transformed and untransformed tissues(e.g., in plants, a transformed rootstock grafted to an untransformedscion).

The present invention clearly extends to any plant cell or plantproduced by any of the methods described herein, and to all plant partsand propagules thereof. The present invention extends further toencompass the progeny of a primary transformed or transfected cell,tissue, organ or whole plant that has been produced by any of theaforementioned methods, the only requirement being that progeny exhibitthe same genotypic and/or phenotypic characteristic(s) as those producedby the parent in the methods according to the invention.

The invention also includes host cells containing an isolated nucleicacid sequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functionalC-terminal domain as defined hereinabove. Preferred host cells accordingto the invention are plant cells.

Host plants for the nucleic acid sequences or the vector used in themethod according to the invention, the expression cassette or constructor vector are, in principle, advantageously all plants, which arecapable of synthesizing the polypeptides used in the inventive method.

A transgenic plant for the purposes of the invention is thus understoodas meaning, as above, that the nucleic acid sequences used in the methodof the invention are not at their natural locus in the genome of saidplant, it being possible for the nucleic acid sequences to be expressedhomologously or heterologously. However, as mentioned, transgenic alsomeans that, while the nucleic acid sequences according to the inventionor used in the inventive method are at their natural position in thegenome of a plant, the sequence has been modified with regard to thenatural sequence, and/or that the regulatory sequences of the naturalsequences have been modified. Transgenic is preferably understood asmeaning the expression of the nucleic acid sequences according to theinvention at an unnatural locus in the genome, i.e. homologous or,preferably, heterologous expression of the nucleic acid sequences takesplace. Preferred transgenic plants are mentioned herein.

The invention also extends to harvestable parts of a plant such as, butnot limited to seeds, leaves, fruits, flowers, stems, rhizomes, tubersand bulbs. The invention furthermore relates to products derived,preferably directly derived, from a harvestable part of such a plant,such as dry pellets or powders, oil, fat and fatty acids, starch orproteins.

Methods for increasing expression of nucleic acid sequences or genes, orgene products, are well documented in the art and include, for example,overexpression driven by appropriate promoters, the use of transcriptionenhancers or translation enhancers. Isolated nucleic acid sequenceswhich serve as promoter or enhancer elements may be introduced in anappropriate position (typically upstream) of a non-heterologous form ofa polynucleotide so as to upregulate expression. For example, endogenouspromoters may be altered in vivo by mutation, deletion, and/orsubstitution (see, Kmiec, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350; Zarling et al.,PCT/US93/03868), or isolated promoters may be introduced into a plantcell in the proper orientation and distance from a gene of the presentinvention so as to control the expression of the gene.

If polypeptide expression is desired, it is generally desirable toinclude a polyadenylation region at the 3′-end of a polynucleotidecoding region. The polyadenylation region can be derived from thenatural gene, from a variety of other plant genes, or from T-DNA. The 3′end sequence to be added may be derived from, for example, the nopalinesynthase or octopine synthase genes, or alternatively from another plantgene, or less preferably from any other eukaryotic gene.

An intron sequence may also be added as described above.

Other control sequences (besides promoter, enhancer, silencer, intronsequences, 3′UTR and/or 5′UTR regions) may be protein and/or RNAstabilizing elements.

As mentioned above, a preferred method for increasing expression of anucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functionalC-terminal domain is by introducing and expressing in a plant a nucleicacid sequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functionalC-terminal domain; however the effects of performing the method, i.e.enhancing yield-related traits may also be achieved using other wellknown techniques. Examples of such techniques include T-DNA activationtagging (Hayashi et al. Science (1992) 1350-1353), as described in the“Definitions” section herein. The effects of the invention may also bereproduced using the technique of TILLING (Targeted Induced LocalLesions In Genomes). The effects of the invention may also be reproducedusing homologous recombination. For details of these techniques, see the“Definitions” section herein.

Reference herein to enhanced yield-related traits is taken to mean anincrease in biomass (weight) of one or more parts of a plant, which mayinclude aboveground (harvestable) parts and/or (harvestable) parts belowground.

In particular, such harvestable parts are seeds, and performance of themethods of the invention results in plants having increased seed yieldrelative to the seed yield of suitable control plants.

The terms “yield” and “seed yield” are as defined in the “Definitions”section herein. The terms “increase”, “improving” or “improve” are alsodescribed herein.

Increased seed yield may manifest itself as one or more of thefollowing:

-   -   (i) increased total seed yield, which includes an increase in        seed biomass (seed weight) and which may be an increase in the        seed weight per plant or on an individual seed basis;    -   (ii) increased number of panicles per plant    -   (iii) increased number of flowers (“florets”) per panicle    -   (iv) increased seed fill rate    -   (v) increased number of (filled) seeds;    -   (vi) increased seed size (length, width area, perimeter), which        may also influence the composition of seeds;    -   (vii) increased seed volume, which may also influence the        composition of seeds;    -   (viii) increased harvest index, which is expressed as a ratio of        the yield of harvestable parts, such as seeds, over the total        biomass; and    -   (ix) increased Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW), which is        extrapolated from the number of filled seeds counted and their        total weight. An increased TKW may result from an increased seed        size and/or seed weight. An increased TKW may result from an        increase in embryo size and/or endosperm size.

An increase in seed yield may also be manifested as an increase in seedsize and/or seed volume. Furthermore, an increase in seed yield may alsomanifest itself as an increase in seed area and/or seed length and/orseed width and/or seed perimeter. Increased yield may also result inmodified architecture, or may occur because of modified architecture.

In particular, enhanced yield-related traits is taken to mean one ormore of the following: (i) increase in aboveground biomass; (ii)increase in root biomass; (iii) increase in thin root biomass; (iv)increased number of primary panicles; (v) increased number of flowersper panicle; (vi) increased total seed yield; (vii) increased number offilled seeds; (viii) increased total number of seeds; or (ix) increasedharvest index. Therefore, according to the present invention, there isprovided a method for enhancing one or more of the followingyield-related traits: (i) increase in aboveground biomass; (ii) increasein root biomass; (iii) increase in thin root biomass; (iv) increasednumber of primary panicles; (v) increased number of flowers per panicle;(vi) increased total seed yield; (vii) increased number of filled seeds;(viii) increased total number of seeds; or (ix) increased harvest index,relative to control plants, which method comprises increasingexpression, in a plant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain.

Taking corn as an example, a yield increase may be manifested as one ormore of the following: increase in the number of plants established perhectare or acre, an increase in the number of ears per plant, anincrease in the number of rows, number of kernels per row, kernelweight, thousand kernel weight, ear length/diameter, increase in theseed filling rate (which is the number of filled seeds divided by thetotal number of seeds and multiplied by 100), among others. Taking riceas an example, a yield increase may manifest itself as an increase inone or more of the following: number of plants per hectare or acre,number of panicles per plant, number of spikelets per panicle, number offlowers (florets) per panicle (which is expressed as a ratio of thenumber of filled seeds over the number of primary panicles), increase inthe seed filling rate (which is the number of filled seeds divided bythe total number of seeds and multiplied by 100), increase in thousandkernel weight, among others.

Since the transgenic plants according to the present invention haveenhanced yield-related traits, it is likely that these plants exhibit anincreased growth rate (during at least part of their life cycle),relative to the growth rate of control plants at a corresponding stagein their life cycle. The increased growth rate may be specific to one ormore parts of a plant (including seeds), or may be throughoutsubstantially the whole plant. Plants having an increased growth ratemay have a shorter life cycle. The life cycle of a plant may be taken tomean the time needed to grow from a dry mature seed up to the stagewhere the plant has produced dry mature seeds, similar to the startingmaterial. This life cycle may be influenced by factors such as earlyvigour, growth rate, greenness index, flowering time and speed of seedmaturation. The increase in growth rate may take place at one or morestages in the life cycle of a plant or during substantially the wholeplant life cycle. Increased growth rate during the early stages in thelife cycle of a plant may reflect enhanced vigour. The increase ingrowth rate may alter the harvest cycle of a plant allowing plants to besown later and/or harvested sooner than would otherwise be possible (asimilar effect may be obtained with earlier flowering time). If thegrowth rate is sufficiently increased, it may allow for the furthersowing of seeds of the same plant species (for example sowing andharvesting of rice plants followed by sowing and harvesting of furtherrice plants all within one conventional growing period). Similarly, ifthe growth rate is sufficiently increased, it may allow for the furthersowing of seeds of different plants species (for example the sowing andharvesting of corn plants followed by, for example, the sowing andoptional harvesting of soy bean, potato or any other suitable plant).Harvesting additional times from the same rootstock in the case of somecrop plants may also be possible. Altering the harvest cycle of a plantmay lead to an increase in annual biomass production per acre (due to anincrease in the number of times (say in a year) that any particularplant may be grown and harvested). An increase in growth rate may alsoallow for the cultivation of transgenic plants in a wider geographicalarea than their wild-type counterparts, since the territoriallimitations for growing a crop are often determined by adverseenvironmental conditions either at the time of planting (early season)or at the time of harvesting (late season). Such adverse conditions maybe avoided if the harvest cycle is shortened. The growth rate may bedetermined by deriving various parameters from growth curves, suchparameters may be: T-Mid (the time taken for plants to reach 50% oftheir maximal size) and T-90 (time taken for plants to reach 90% oftheir maximal size), amongst others.

According to a preferred feature of the present invention, performanceof the methods of the invention gives plants having an increased growthrate relative to control plants. Therefore, according to the presentinvention, there is provided a method for increasing the growth rate ofplants relative to control plants, which method comprises increasingexpression, in a plant of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1polypeptide as defined herein.

An increase in yield and/or growth rate occurs whether the plant isunder non-stress conditions or whether the plant is exposed to variousstresses compared to control plants. Plants typically respond toexposure to stress by growing more slowly. In conditions of severestress, the plant may even stop growing altogether. Mild stress on theother hand is defined herein as being any stress to which a plant isexposed which does not result in the plant ceasing to grow altogetherwithout the capacity to resume growth. Mild stress in the sense of theinvention leads to a reduction in the growth of the stressed plants ofless than 40%, 35% or 30%, preferably less than 25%, 20% or 15%, morepreferably less than 14%, 13%, 12%, 11% or 10% or less in comparison tothe control plant under non-stress conditions. Due to advances inagricultural practices (irrigation, fertilization, pesticide treatments)severe stresses are not often encountered in cultivated crop plants. Asa consequence, the compromised growth induced by mild stress is often anundesirable feature for agriculture. Mild stresses are the everydaybiotic and/or abiotic (environmental) stresses to which a plant isexposed. Abiotic stresses may be due to drought or excess water,anaerobic stress, salt stress, chemical toxicity, oxidative stress andhot, cold or freezing temperatures. The abiotic stress may be an osmoticstress caused by a water stress (particularly due to drought), saltstress, oxidative stress or an ionic stress. Biotic stresses aretypically those stresses caused by pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses,fungi and insects.

In particular, the methods of the present invention may be performedunder non-stress conditions or under conditions of mild drought to giveplants having enhanced yield related traits relative to control plants.As reported in Wang et al. (Planta (2003) 218: 1-14), abiotic stressleads to a series of morphological, physiological, biochemical andmolecular changes that adversely affect plant growth and productivity.Drought, salinity, extreme temperatures and oxidative stress are knownto be interconnected and may induce growth and cellular damage throughsimilar mechanisms. Rabbani et al. (Plant Physiol (2003) 133: 1755-1767)describes a particularly high degree of “cross talk” between droughtstress and high-salinity stress. For example, drought and/orsalinisation are manifested primarily as osmotic stress, resulting inthe disruption of homeostasis and ion distribution in the cell.Oxidative stress, which frequently accompanies high or low temperature,salinity or drought stress, may cause denaturing of functional andstructural proteins. As a consequence, these diverse environmentalstresses often activate similar cell signaling pathways and cellularresponses, such as the production of stress proteins, up-regulation ofanti-oxidants, accumulation of compatible solutes and growth arrest. Theterm “non-stress” conditions as used herein are those environmentalconditions that allow optimal growth of plants. Persons skilled in theart are aware of normal soil conditions and climatic conditions for agiven location.

Performance of the methods of the invention gives plants grown undernon-stress conditions or under mild drought conditions enhancedyield-related traits relative to suitable control plants grown undercomparable conditions. Therefore, according to the present invention,there is provided a method for increasing yield in plants grown undernon-stress conditions or under mild drought conditions, which methodcomprises increasing expression in a plant of a nucleic acid sequenceencoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the increase in yield and/orgrowth rate occurs according to the methods of the present inventionunder non-stress conditions.

The methods of the invention are advantageously applicable to any plant.The term “plant” is defined in the “Definitions” section herein andexamples of suitable plants useful in the present invention are alsodescribed.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the plantis a crop plant. Examples of crop plants include soybean, sunflower,canola, alfalfa, rapeseed, cotton, tomato, potato and tobacco. Furtherpreferably, the plant is a monocotyledonous plant. Examples ofmonocotyledonous plants include sugarcane. More preferably the plant isa cereal. Examples of cereals include rice, maize, wheat, barley,millet, rye, sorghum and oats.

The present invention also encompasses use of nucleic acid sequencesencoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain asdescribed herein, and use of these CLV1 polypeptides with anon-functional C-terminal domain in enhancing yield-related traits inplants.

Nucleic acid sequences encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functionalC-terminal domain described herein, or the CLV1 polypeptides with anon-functional C-terminal domain themselves, may find use in breedingprogrammes in which a DNA marker is identified which may be geneticallylinked to a gene encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functionalC-terminal domain. The genes/nucleic acid sequences, or the CLV1polypeptides with a non-functional C-terminal domain themselves may beused to define a molecular marker. This DNA or protein marker may thenbe used in breeding programmes to select plants having enhancedyield-related traits as defined hereinabove in the methods of theinvention.

Allelic variants of a gene/nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain, may also find usein marker-assisted breeding programmes. Such breeding programmessometimes require introduction of allelic variation by mutagenictreatment of the plants, using for example EMS mutagenesis;alternatively, the programme may start with a collection of allelicvariants of so called “natural” origin caused unintentionally.Identification of allelic variants then takes place, for example, byPCR. This is followed by a step for selection of superior allelicvariants of the sequence in question and which give enhancedyield-related traits. Selection is typically carried out by monitoringgrowth performance of plants containing different allelic variants ofthe sequence in question. Growth performance may be monitored in agreenhouse or in the field. Further optional steps include crossingplants in which the superior allelic variant was identified with anotherplant. This could be used, for example, to make a combination ofinteresting phenotypic features.

Nucleic acid sequences encoding CLV1 polypeptides with a non-functionalC-terminal domain may also be used as probes for genetically andphysically mapping the genes that they are a part of, and as markers fortraits linked to those genes. Such information may be useful in plantbreeding in order to develop lines with desired phenotypes. Such use ofnucleic acid sequences encoding CLV1 polypeptides requires only anucleic acid sequence of at least 15 nucleotides in length. The nucleicacids encoding CLV1 polypeptides may be used as restriction fragmentlength polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Southern blots (Sambrook J, FritschE F and Maniatis T (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual) ofrestriction-digested plant genomic DNA may be probed with the nucleicacid sequences encoding CLV1 polypeptides. The resulting bandingpatterns may then be subjected to genetic analyses using computerprograms such as MapMaker (Lander et al. (1987) Genomics 1: 174-181) inorder to construct a genetic map. In addition, the nucleic acidsequences may be used to probe Southern blots containing restrictionendonuclease-treated genomic DNAs of a set of individuals representingparent and progeny of a defined genetic cross. Segregation of the DNApolymorphisms is noted and used to calculate the position of the nucleicacid sequence encoding encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functionalC-terminal domain in the genetic map previously obtained using thispopulation (Botstein et al. (1980) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32:314-331).

The production and use of plant gene-derived probes for use in geneticmapping is described in Bernatzky and Tanksley (1986) Plant Mol. Biol.Reporter 4: 37-41. Numerous publications describe genetic mapping ofspecific cDNA clones using the methodology outlined above or variationsthereof. For example, F2 intercross populations, backcross populations,randomly mated populations, near isogenic lines, and other sets ofindividuals may be used for mapping. Such methodologies are well knownto those skilled in the art.

The nucleic acid probes may also be used for physical mapping (i.e.,placement of sequences on physical maps; see Hoheisel et al. In:Non-mammalian Genomic Analysis: A Practical Guide, Academic press 1996,pp. 319-346, and references cited therein).

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid probes may be used in directfluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) mapping (Trask (1991) TrendsGenet. 7:149-154). Although current methods of FISH mapping favour useof large clones (several kb to several hundred kb; see Laan et al.(1995) Genome Res. 5:13-20), improvements in sensitivity may allowperformance of FISH mapping using shorter probes.

A variety of nucleic acid amplification-based methods for genetic andphysical mapping may be carried out using the nucleic acid sequences.Examples include allele-specific amplification (Kazazian (1989) J. Lab.Clin. Med 11:95-96), polymorphism of PCR-amplified fragments (CAPS;Sheffield et al. (1993) Genomics 16:325-332), allele-specific ligation(Landegren et al. (1988) Science 241:1077-1080), nucleotide extensionreactions (Sokolov (1990) Nucleic Acid Res. 18:3671), Radiation HybridMapping (Walter et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 7:22-28) and Happy Mapping(Dear and Cook (1989) Nucleic Acid Res. 17:6795-6807). For thesemethods, the sequence of a nucleic acid is used to design and produceprimer pairs for use in the amplification reaction or in primerextension reactions. The design of such primers is well known to thoseskilled in the art. In methods employing PCR-based genetic mapping, itmay be necessary to identify DNA sequence differences between theparents of the mapping cross in the region corresponding to the instantnucleic acid sequence. This, however, is generally not necessary formapping methods.

The methods according to the present invention result in plants havingenhanced yield-related traits, as described hereinbefore. These traitsmay also be combined with other economically advantageous traits, suchas further yield-enhancing traits, tolerance to other abiotic and bioticstresses, traits modifying various architectural features and/orbiochemical and/or physiological features.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

The present invention will now be described with reference to thefollowing figures in which:

FIG. 1 shows a phylogenetic tree of all the Arabidopsis thaliana TCPpolypeptides according to the Arabidopsis Database for Transcriptionfactors, available at the Center for Bioinformatics(CBI), PekingUniversity, China. The clade of interest, comprising two Arabidopsisparalogs At3g27010 (also called AtTCP20 or PCF1) and At5g41030 (alsocalled TCP 6), has been circled.

FIG. 2 shows a multiple alignment of several plant Class I TCPpolypeptides of Table A (when from full length nucleic acid sequences),using VNTI AlignX multiple alignment program, based on a modifiedClustalW algorithm (InforMax, Bethesda, Md., www.informaxinc.com), withdefault settings for gap opening penalty of 10 and a gap extension of0.05). The conserved TCP domain (comprising the bHLH) among thepolypeptide sequences useful in performing the methods of the inventionis heavily boxed. The basic residues (in bold in the consensus line) andthe Helix-Loop-Helix (HLH) sequences are lightly boxed, as well as theconsensus C-terminal motif PGLEL(G/R/A)LSQX₁₋₅G(V/L)L, where X is anyamino acid (SEQ ID NO: 65). The HQ rich region (H being histidine, Qglutamine) is equally lightly boxed. The sequences shown are:Arath_TCP20, SEQ ID NO: 2; Arath_TCP6, SEQ ID NO: 4; Aqufo_CL I TCP, SEQID NO: 6; Glyma_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 8; Goshi_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 10;Lyces_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 12; Maldo_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 14; Medtr_CL ITCP, SEQ ID NO: 16; Nicbe_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 18; Ociba_CL I TCP, SEQID NO: 20; Poptr_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 24; Vitvi_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 32;Soltu_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 28; Orysa_PCF1, SEQ ID NO: 22; Sacof_CL ITCP, SEQ ID NO: 26; Sorbi_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 30; Zeama_CL I TCP_(—)1,SEQ ID NO: 34; and Zeama_CL I TCP_(—)2, SEQ ID NO: 36.

FIG. 3 A) shows an alignment of the Class I TCP polypeptide sequences ofTable A encoding the basic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) structure. Whenconsidering the polypeptide sequence from N-terminus to C-terminus, thebasic residues precede the Helix-Loop-Helix. 3B) is a cartoonrepresenting the primary structure of the polypeptide sequences usefulin performing the methods of the invention, from N-terminus toC-terminus: a conserved TCP domain comprising the basic-Helix-Loop-Helix(bHLH), a consensus C-terminal motif, and an HQ rich region. Thesequences shown are found within the following SEQ ID NOs: Arath_TCP20,SEQ ID NO: 2; Arath_TCP6, SEQ ID NO: 4; Brara_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 44;Braol_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 42; Ociba_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 20; Maldo_CL ITCP, SEQ ID NO: 14; Vitvi_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 32; Poptr_CL I TCP, SEQID NO: 24; Nicbe_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 18; Medtr_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 16;Lotco_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 54; Glyma_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 8; Helan_CL ITCP, SEQ ID NO: 48; Aqufo_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 6; Orysa_PCF1, SEQ ID NO:22; Zeama_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 34; Sacof_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 26;Sorbi_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 30; Bradi_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 40; andAllce_CL I TCP, SEQ ID NO: 38.

FIG. 4 shows the binary vector for increased expression in Oryza sativaof a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Class I TCP polypeptide under thecontrol of a GOS2 promoter.

FIG. 5 details examples of Class I TCP sequences useful in performingthe methods according to the present invention.

FIG. 6 shows the domain structure of the CAH3 polypeptide presented inSEQ ID NO: 81. The carbonic anhydrase domain (Pfam entry PF00194) isindicated in bold underlined.

FIG. 7 shows respectively a phylogenetic tree constructed from thesequences listed in FIG. 9 (A), and a multiple alignment of CAH3 proteinsequences belonging to the alpha class (B).

FIG. 8 shows the binary vector for increased expression in Oryza sativaof a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CAH3 protein-encoding nucleic acid underthe control of a protochlorophyllide reductase promoter (PcR).

FIG. 9 details examples of CAH3 sequences useful in performing themethods according to the present invention.

FIG. 10 (A) shows the predicted domain structure of an LRR-RLKpolypeptide such as represented by SEQ ID NO: 212; from N-terminus toC-terminus: (i) SP, signal peptide; (ii) 21 LRRs, the 21 leucine-richrepeats; (iii) TM, transmembrane domain; and (iv) the kinase domain. Thevertical bold line is placed at the end of the transmembrane domain.According to Bommert et al. (2004) Development 132: 1235-1245.

FIG. 10 (B) shows a phylogenetic tree as described in Bommert et al.(2004). Polypeptide sequences useful in performing the methods of theinvention should cluster with the clade comprising the CLV1 polypeptide(called “subfamily” A), as delimited in the figure by the bracket. CLV1is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 212.

FIG. 11 Shows a multiple alignment of several CLV1 polypeptide sequencesof Table C (when from full length nucleic acid sequences), using VNTIAlignX multiple alignment program, based on a modified ClustalWalgorithm (InforMax, Bethesda, Md., webpage at informaxinc.com), withdefault settings for gap opening penalty of 10 and a gap extension of0.05). The signal peptide and the transmembrane domain are boxed inbold. The beginning and the end of the LRR domain (with the 21 LRRnumbered and underlined in black), of the kinase domain (with the 11subdomains numbered and double-underlined), and of the C-terminal domainare marked with a bracket (each). Motif 1 (SEQ ID NO: 236) and Motif 2(SEQ ID NO: 237) are also boxed. Within Motif 2, the first cysteine pairis marked, as is the second cysteine pair (between the LRR domain andthe transmembrane domain). The conserved glycine with subdomain IX(SDIX) of the kinase domain is also marked. The vertical line withinsubdomain IV (SDIV) of the kinase domain marks the end of the CLV1polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain as represented bySEQ ID NO: 210. The sequences shown are: Arath_CLAVAT1 FL, SEQ ID NO:212; Brana_RLK, SEQ ID NO: 214; Eucgr_LRR-RLK, SEQ ID NO: 216;Glyma_CLV1A, SEQ ID NO: 218; Glyma_NARK_CLV1B, SEQ ID NO: 220;Lotja_HAR1, SEQ ID NO: 222; Medtr_SUNN, SEQ ID NO: 224; Orysa_FON1, SEQID NO: 226; Pissa_SYM29, SEQ ID NO: 228; Poptr_LRR-RLK II, SEQ ID NO:230; Poptr_LRR-RLK I, SEQ ID NO: 232; and Zeama_KIN5, SEQ ID NO: 233.

FIG. 12 shows the binary vector for increased expression in Oryza sativaof an Arabidopsis thaliana nucleic acid sequence encoding CLV1polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain, under the controlof a beta-expansin promoter (for expression in young expanding tissues).

FIG. 13 details examples of CLV1 sequences useful in performing themethods according to the present invention.

The present invention will now be described with reference to thefollowing examples, which are by way of illustration alone. Thefollowing examples are not intended to completely define or otherwiselimit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES PCF1 Example 1 Identification of Sequences Related to SEQ IDNO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2

Nucleic acid sequences (full length cDNA, ESTs or genomic) related toSEQ ID NO: 1 and/or polypeptide sequences related to SEQ ID NO: 2 wereidentified amongst those maintained in the Entrez Nucleotides databaseat the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) usingdatabase sequence search tools, such as the Basic Local Alignment Tool(BLAST) (Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; and Altschulet al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402). The program is used tofind regions of local similarity between sequences by comparing nucleicacid or polypeptide sequences to sequence databases and by calculatingthe statistical significance of matches. The polypeptide encoded by SEQID NO: 1 was used for the TBLASTN algorithm, with default settings andthe filter to ignore low complexity sequences set off. The output of theanalysis was viewed by pairwise comparison, and ranked according to theprobability score (E-value), where the score reflects the probabilitythat a particular alignment occurs by chance (the lower the E-value, themore significant the hit). In addition to E-values, comparisons werealso scored by percentage identity. Percentage identity refers to thenumber of identical nucleotides (or amino acids) between the twocompared nucleic acid (or polypeptide) sequences over a particularlength. In some instances, the default parameters may be adjusted tomodify the stringency of the search.

In addition to the publicly available nucleic acid sequences availableat NCBI, proprietary sequence databases were also searched following thesame procedure as described herein above.

Table A provides a list of nucleic acid and polypeptide sequencesrelated to the nucleic acid sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 andthe polypeptide sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2.

TABLE A Nucleic acid sequences related to the nucleic acid sequence (SEQID NO: 1) useful in the methods of the present invention, and thecorresponding deduced polypeptides. Database Nucleic acid Polypeptideaccession sequence ID sequence ID Name Status Name number number numberArath_TCP20 full length Arabidopsis thaliana AK118178 1 2 At3g27010Arath_TCP6 full length Arabidopsis thaliana At5g41030 3 4 Aqufo_Class ITCP full length Aquilegia formosa × DR951658 5 6 Aquilegia pubescensDT754291 Glyma_Class I TCP full length Glycine max AI736626.1 7 8BI470329.1 BG044313.1 CA784744.1 BF424472.1 Goshi_Class I TCP fulllength Gossypium hirsutum DT574583 9 10 DW499958 Lyces_Class I TCP fulllength Lycopersicon esculentum BW688913 11 12 BP878035.1 BI931745.1Maldo_Class I TCP full length Malus domestica EB153444 13 14 CN895103Medtr_Class I TCP full length Medicago truncatula CG926048.1 15 16CA921765.1 Nicbe_Class I TCP full length Nicotiana benthamiana CK29697817 18 Ociba_Class I TCP full length Ocimum basilicum DY322462 19 20Orysa_PCF1 full length Oryza sativa NM_001051782 21 22 Os01g0924400Poptr_Class I TCP full length Populus tremuloides CX169560.1 23 24DT515387.1 Sacof_Class I TCP full length Saccharum officinarumSCJLRT1023A09.g 25 26 Soltu_Class I TCP full length Solanum tuberosumCK271473.1 27 28 BQ507674.2 Sorbi_Class I TCP full length Sorghumbicolor CLASS162154.1 29 30 ED507285.1 CW333599.1 Vitvi_Class I TCP fulllength Vitis vinifera CB972449 31 32 EC971921 Zeama_Class I TCP_1 fulllength Zea mays DR826915.1 33 34 DR794438.1 Zeama_Class I TCP_2 fulllength Zea mays DR963477.1 35 36 EE022629.1 Allce_Class I TCP partialAllium cepa CF439613 37 38 partial 5′ Bradi_Class I TCP partialBrachypodium distachyon DV480032 39 40 partial 5′ Braol_Class I TCPpartial Brassica oleracea BZ446639.1 41 42 partial 5′ BH464032.1BZ445385.1 Brara_Class I TCP partial Brassica rapa DX909657.1 43 44partial 3′ DU115108.1 Cofca_Class I TCP partial Coffea canephoraDV701323 45 46 partial middle Helan_Class I TCP partial Helianthusannuus DY906028 47 48 partial 3′ & petiolaris DY940311.1 Horvu_Class ITCP partial Hordeum vulgare DN181323 49 50 partial 3′ Linus_Class I TCPpartial Linum usitatissimum Contig 51 52 partial middleLU04MC03342_61667197 Lotco_Class I TCP partial Lotus corniculatusBW630043.1 53 54 partial 5′ Pethy_Class I TCP partial Petunia hybridaCV296461 55 56 partial middle CV297628 Prupe_Class I TCP partial Prunuspersica BU044166. 57 58 partial 3′ Ricco_Class I TCP partial Ricinuscommunis EG685326.1 59 60 partial 3′ EG671551 Salmi_Class I TCP partialSalvia miltiorrhiza CV163534 61 62 partial 3′ Zinel_Class I TCP partialZinnia elegans AU307217 63 64 partial middle Cicen_Class I TCP partialCichorium endivia, EL361878; 70 71 partial 3′ Cichorium intybus EH709336Frave_Class I TCP partial Fragaria vesca EX657224 72 73 partialJugsp_Class I TCP partial Juglans hindsii × EL896093 74 75 partialmiddle Juglans regia Pangi_Class I TCP partial Panax ginseng CN846083 7677 partial 3′ Pontr_Class I TCP partial Poncirus trifoliata CX644761 7879 partial 3′

Example 2 Alignment of Relevant Polypeptide Sequences

AlignX from the Vector NTI (Invitrogen) is based on the popular Clustalalgorithm of progressive alignment (Thompson et al. (1997) Nucleic AcidsRes 25:4876-4882; Chenna et al. (2003). Nucleic Acids Res 31:3497-3500).A phylogenetic tree can be constructed using a neighbour-joiningclustering algorithm. Default values are for the gap open penalty of 10,for the gap extension penalty of 0, 1 and the selected weight matrix isBlosum 62 (if polypeptides are aligned). In some instances, manualadjustment is necessary to better optimize the alignment between thepolypeptide sequences, in particular in the case of motif alignment.

In FIG. 1 is provided a TCP phylogenetic tree according to theArabidopsis Database for Transcription factors, available at the Centerfor Bioinformatics(CBI), Peking University, China. The clade ofinterest, comprising two Arabidopsis paralogs At3g27010 (also calledAtTCP20 or PCF1) and At5g41030 (also called TCP 6), has been circled.Any polypeptide falling within this clade (after a new multiplealignment step as described hereinabove) is considered to be useful inperforming the methods of the invention as described herein.

The result of the multiple sequence alignment of Class I TCPpolypeptides of Table A (when from full length nucleic acid sequences)useful in performing the methods of the invention is shown in FIG. 2 ofthe present application. The conserved TCP domain (comprising the bHLH(basic-Helix-Loop-Helix)) among the polypeptide sequences useful inperforming the methods of the invention is heavily boxed. The basicresidues (in bold in the consensus line) and the Helix-Loop-Helix (HLH)sequences are lightly boxed, as well as the consensus C-terminal motifPGLEL(G/R/A)LSQX₁₋₅G(V/L)L, where X is any amino acid (SEQ ID NO: 65).The HQ rich region (H being histidine, Q glutamine) is equally lightlyboxed.

Within this motif, there may be one or more conservative change(s) atany position, and/or one or three non-conservative change(s) at anyposition.

Example 3 Calculation of Global Percentage Identity Between PolypeptideSequences Useful in Performing the Methods of the Invention

Global percentages of similarity and identity between full lengthpolypeptide sequences useful in performing the methods of the inventionwere determined using one of the methods available in the art, theMatGAT (Matrix Global Alignment Tool) software (BMC Bioinformatics. 20034:29. MatGAT: an application that generates similarity/identity matricesusing protein or DNA sequences. Campanella J J, Bitincka L, Smalley J;software hosted by Ledion Bitincka). MatGAT software generatessimilarity/identity matrices for DNA or protein sequences withoutneeding pre-alignment of the data. The program performs a series ofpair-wise alignments using the Myers and Miller global alignmentalgorithm (with a gap opening penalty of 12, and a gap extension penaltyof 2), calculates similarity and identity using for example Blosum 62(for polypeptides), and then places the results in a distance matrix.Sequence similarity is shown in the bottom half of the dividing line andsequence identity is shown in the top half of the diagonal dividingline.

Parameters used in the comparison were:

-   -   Scoring matrix: Blosum62    -   First Gap: 12    -   Extending gap: 2

Results of the software analysis are shown in Table A1 for the globalsimilarity and identity over the full length of the polypeptidesequences (excluding the partial polypeptide sequences). Percentageidentity is given above the diagonal and percentage similarity is givenbelow the diagonal.

The percentage identity between the polypeptide sequences useful inperforming the methods of the invention can be as low as 29% amino acididentity compared to SEQ ID NO: 2.

TABLE A1 MatGAT results for global similarity and identity over the fulllength of the polypeptide sequences. Full length 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 18 1. Aqufo 46.4 35.3 52.6 60.6 48.8 57 50.3 47.9 56.339.5 55.9 38.7 48.4 38.8 64.6 37.1 39 CLASS I TCP 2. Arath 62.1 40.452.1 57.4 48.4 56.2 49.2 46.9 53.7 41.6 54.1 41.3 51.2 41.6 58.8 42.643.1 TCP20 TCP 3. Arath 48.5 52.2 32.1 34.8 31.3 33.4 33.7 30.9 35.430.2 32.6 30.3 34.2 29.8 35.5 30.4 30.8 TCP6 4. Glyma 61.2 64.1 43.8 6852.6 68.2 54.9 55.5 61.3 40.4 64.6 37.1 56.3 39.3 73.2 38.4 39.1 CLASS ITCP 5. Goshi 70.2 68.8 50.3 73 62.5 75.2 58.1 59.4 68.1 41.4 74.4 41.862.7 41.4 84.3 40.8 41.3 CLASS I TCP 6. Lyces 61.2 61.5 49.3 61.2 73.357.4 50.7 69.4 56.9 37.9 54.7 37.5 91.8 37.9 63 37.8 38.4 CLASS I TCP 7.Maldo 67.3 67.9 46.4 74.5 82.9 67 55 57.6 63 42.7 73.4 41.2 58.3 42.980.6 42.7 44.1 CLASS I TCP 8. Medtr 63.1 62.7 51.1 63.2 72 67.3 66.750.8 56.3 39.4 56.1 39.3 50.7 40.5 60.4 38.5 39.8 CLASS I TCP 9. Nicbe60.2 60.8 45.8 65.8 71.7 77.3 67.3 64.4 56.3 37.9 54.4 35.3 71 36 64.734.1 35.6 CLASS I TCP 10. Ociba 68.6 65.3 50.8 70.7 80 71.7 73.5 70.770.4 39 62.5 38.5 57.6 39.7 70.6 41 41.4 CLASS I TCP 11. Orysa 52.7 57.446.4 53.6 54.9 49.8 53.9 52.1 52.7 51.1 41.1 69.6 38.2 70.6 41.8 68.469.3 PCF1 12. Poptr 70.6 68.1 46.6 74.8 82.8 65.9 83.2 67.5 68.8 74.455.3 42.5 55.8 42.5 73.6 42.5 43 CLASS I TCP 13. Sacof 53.5 53.5 45.550.1 55.8 52.3 53.9 53.9 52.3 54.2 79.2 55.9 37.5 87.5 38.9 84.9 83.9CLASS I TCP 14. Soltu 60.5 62.4 49.5 64.3 73.7 94 67 66.5 79 71.4 48.969.7 51.9 37.9 65.9 37.6 37 CLASS I TCP 15. Sorbi 53.2 55.4 44.3 51.655.4 52 56.9 53.5 51.4 55.7 80 56.6 90.5 51.1 40.9 86.1 89.4 CLASS I TCP16. Vitvi 73.5 71 50.3 76.5 92 72.6 85.4 74.3 78 81.8 53.9 82.2 53.976.7 53.8 40.1 41.4 CLASS I TCP 17. Zeama 53.1 54 43.8 55.7 54.6 51.255.6 52.8 52.2 56.2 78.4 57.4 88.6 49.7 90.5 53.7 84.9 CLASS I TCP1 18.Zeama 54.3 57.5 43.2 53 57.1 53 59.2 57.5 51.7 60.3 78.5 58.4 89.2 52.190.5 56.5 87.7 CLASS I TCP2

The percentage identity can be substantially increased if the identitycalculation is performed on the conserved TCP domain (comprising thebHLH, in total 69 contiguous amino acids, for example for SEQ ID NO: 2,the conserved TCP domain is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 66) amongst thepolypeptides useful in performing the methods of the invention, as shownin Table A2. Percentage identity over the conserved TCP domain amongstthe polypeptide sequences useful in performing the methods of theinvention ranges between 65% and 100% amino acid identity.

TABLE A2 MatGAT results for global similarity and identity over theconserved TCP domain (in total 69 contiguous amino acids) amongst of thepolypeptide sequences. Conserved TCP domain 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 1. Aqufo 91.3 68.1 91.3 89.9 91.3 88.4 91.3 89.9 89.988.4 91.3 88.4 91.3 88.4 91.3 88.4 88.4 PCF1 CD 2. Arath 95.7 68.1 94.295.7 95.7 91.3 95.7 94.2 97.1 91.3 94.2 91.3 95.7 91.3 94.2 91.3 91.3PCF1 CD 3. Arath 84.1 84.1 66.7 66.7 66.7 65.2 66.7 66.7 66.7 65.2 66.765.2 66.7 65.2 66.7 65.2 65.2 TCP6 CD 4. Glyma 94.2 98.6 82.6 98.6 98.697.1 95.7 95.7 97.1 89.9 100 89.9 98.6 89.9 100 89.9 89.9 PCF1 CD 5.Goshi 94.2 98.6 84.1 100 97.1 95.7 94.2 94.2 98.6 88.4 98.6 88.4 97.188.4 98.6 88.4 88.4 PCF1 CD 6. Lyces 95.7 100 82.6 98.6 98.6 95.7 94.297.1 98.6 91.3 98.6 91.3 100 91.3 98.6 91.3 91.3 PCF1 CD 7. Maldo 92.897.1 81.2 98.6 98.6 97.1 92.8 94.2 94.2 89.9 97.1 89.9 95.7 89.9 97.189.9 89.9 PCF1 CD 8. Medtr 94.2 98.6 82.6 100 100 98.6 98.6 92.8 92.889.9 95.7 89.9 94.2 89.9 95.7 89.9 89.9 PCF1 CD 9. Nicbe 94.2 97.1 79.795.7 95.7 97.1 94.2 95.7 95.7 91.3 95.7 91.3 97.1 91.3 95.7 91.3 91.3PCF1 CD 10. Ociba 95.7 100 84.1 98.6 98.6 100 97.1 98.6 97.1 89.9 97.189.9 98.6 89.9 97.1 89.9 89.9 PCF1 CD 11. Orysa 94.2 98.6 82.6 97.1 97.198.6 95.7 97.1 95.7 98.6 89.9 100 91.3 100 89.9 100 100 PCF1 12. Poptr94.2 98.6 82.6 100 100 98.6 98.6 100 95.7 98.6 97.1 89.9 98.6 89.9 10089.9 89.9 PCF1 CD 13. Sacof 94.2 98.6 82.6 97.1 97.1 98.6 95.7 97.1 95.798.6 100 97.1 91.3 100 89.9 100 100 PCF1 CD 14. Soltu 95.7 100 82.6 98.698.6 100 97.1 98.6 97.1 100 98.6 98.6 98.6 91.3 98.6 91.3 91.3 PCF1 CD15. Sorbi 94.2 98.6 82.6 97.1 97.1 98.6 95.7 97.1 95.7 98.6 100 97.1 10098.6 89.9 100 100 PCF1 CD 16. Vitvi 94.2 98.6 82.6 100 100 98.6 98.6 10095.7 98.6 97.1 100 97.1 98.6 97.1 89.9 89.9 PCF1 CD 17. Zeama 94.2 98.682.6 97.1 97.1 98.6 95.7 97.1 95.7 98.6 100 97.1 100 98.6 100 97.1 100PCF1 1 CD 18. Zeama 94.2 98.6 82.6 97.1 97.1 98.6 95.7 97.1 95.7 98.6100 97.1 100 98.6 100 97.1 100 PCF1 2 CD

Example 4 Identification of Domains Comprised in Polypeptide SequencesUseful in Performing the Methods of the Invention

The Integrated Resource of Protein Families, Domains and Sites(InterPro) database is an integrated interface for the commonly usedsignature databases for text- and sequence-based searches. The InterProdatabase combines these databases, which use different methodologies andvarying degrees of biological information about well-characterizedproteins to derive protein signatures. Collaborating databases includeSWISS-PROT, PROSITE, TrEMBL, PRINTS, Propom and Pfam, Smart andTIGRFAMs. Interpro is hosted at the European Bioinformatics Institute inthe United Kingdom.

The results of the InterPro scan of the polypeptide sequence asrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 2 are presented in Table A3.

TABLE A3 InterPro scan results of the polypeptide sequence asrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 2 Database Accession number Accession nameInterPro IPR005333 TCP transcription factor PFAM PF03634 TCP

The TCP domain comprises the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH). The TCPdomain of SEQ ID NO: 2 is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 66.

Primary amino acid composition (in %) to determine if a polypeptideregion is rich in specific amino acids (for example in an acidic box)may be calculated using software programs from the ExPASy server, inparticular the ProtParam tool (Gasteiger E et al. (2003) ExPASy: theproteomics server for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis. NucleicAcids Res 31:3784-3788). The composition of the polypeptide sequence ofinterest may then be compared to the average amino acid composition (in%) in the Swiss-Prot Protein Sequence data bank.

Eye inspection of the multiple sequence alignment of the polypeptidesuseful in performing the methods of the invention shows that, betweenthe conserved C-terminal motif and the C-terminal end of thepolypeptide, lies a region rich in histidine (His or H) and glutamine(Gln or Q), the HQ rich region. This low complexity HQ region comprisesat least four, preferably 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20 or more either of only H residues, either of only Q residues,or of a combination of H and Q residues(in any proportion) The HQ regionis boxed in FIG. 2.

Example 5 Prediction of the Secondary Structure of Polypeptide SequencesUseful in Performing the Methods of the Invention

A predicted non-canonical basic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) is found in bothclasses of TCP transcription factors, as described by Cubas et al.(1999) Plant J 18(2): 215-222. The position of this predicted secondarystructure is shown in FIG. 3A. When considering the polypeptide sequencefrom N-terminus to C-terminus, the basic residues precede theHelix-Loop-Helix.

FIG. 3B is a cartoon representing the primary structure of thepolypeptide sequences useful in performing the methods of the invention,from N-terminus to C-terminus: a conserved TCP domain comprising thebasic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH), a consensus C-terminal motif 1, and an HQrich region.

Example 6 Assay Related to the Polypeptide Sequences Useful inPerforming the Methods of the Invention

The polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 is atranscription factor with DNA binding activity. Consensus DNA bindingsequence of these two classes were identified: GGNCCCAC for class 1, andGTGGNCCC for class II. The ability of a transcription factor to bind toa specific DNA sequence can be tested by electrophoretic mobility shiftassays (EMSAs; also called gel retardation assays), which is well knownin the art, and reported specifically for TCPs by Kosugi & Ohashi (2002)Plant J 30: 337-348, and by Li et al. (2005) PNAS 102(36): 12978-83.Also reported by Kosugi & Ohashi are methods to detect dimerizationpartners and specifity, using for example, the yeast two-hybrid system,while Li et al. describe chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments tocharacterize the promoters to which TCPs bind to. The experimentsdescribed in both papers are useful in characterizing TCP class Itranscription factors, and are well known in the art.

Example 7 Cloning of Nucleic Acid Sequence as Represented by SEQ ID NO:1

Unless otherwise stated, recombinant DNA techniques are performedaccording to standard protocols described in (Sambrook (2001) MolecularCloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd Edition Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, CSH, New York) or in Volumes 1 and 2 of Ausubel et al. (1994),Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Current Protocols. Standardmaterials and methods for plant molecular work are described in PlantMolecular Biology Labfax (1993) by R. D. D. Croy, published by BIOSScientific Publications Ltd (UK) and Blackwell Scientific Publications(UK).

The nucleic acid sequence used in the methods of the invention wasamplified by PCR using as template an Arabidospis thaliana seedling cDNAlibrary (in pCMV Sport 6.0; Invitrogen, Paisley, UK). PCR was performedusing Hifi Taq DNA polymerase in standard conditions, using 200 ng oftemplate in a 50 μl PCR mix. The primers used were

-   -   prm01501 SEQ ID NO: 68; sense, AttB1 site in lower case:

5′-ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggcttcacaATGGATCCCAAG AACCTAA-3′;and

-   -   prm01502 (SEQ ID NO: 69; reverse, complementary, AttB2 site in        lower case:

5′-ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctgggtTTTTAACGACCTGAGCC TT-3′,

which include the AttB sites for Gateway recombination. The amplifiedPCR fragment was purified also using standard methods. The first step ofthe Gateway procedure, the BP reaction, was then performed, during whichthe PCR fragment recombines in vivo with the pDONR201 plasmid toproduce, according to the Gateway terminology, an “entry clone”. PlasmidpDONR201 was purchased from Invitrogen, as part of the Gateway®technology.

Example 8 Expression Vector Construction Using the Nucleic Acid Sequenceas Represented by SEQ ID NO: 1

The entry clone was subsequently used in an LR reaction with adestination vector used for Oryza sativa transformation. This vectorcontains as functional elements within the T-DNA borders: a plantselectable marker; a screenable marker expression cassette; and aGateway cassette intended for LR in vivo recombination with the nucleicacid sequence of interest already cloned in the entry clone. A rice GOS2promoter (SEQ ID NO: 67) for constitutive expression was locatedupstream of this Gateway cassette.

After the LR recombination step, the resulting expression vector (FIG.4) was transformed into Agrobacterium strain LBA4044 according tomethods well known in the art.

Example 9 Plant Transformation Rice Transformation

The Agrobacterium containing the expression vector was used to transformOryza sativa plants. Mature dry seeds of the rice japonica cultivarNipponbare were dehusked. Sterilization was carried out by incubatingfor one minute in 70% ethanol, followed by 30 minutes in 0.2% HgCl₂,followed by a 6 times 15 minutes wash with sterile distilled water. Thesterile seeds were then germinated on a medium containing 2,4-D (callusinduction medium). After incubation in the dark for four weeks,embryogenic, scutellum-derived calli were excised and propagated on thesame medium. After two weeks, the calli were multiplied or propagated bysubculture on the same medium for another 2 weeks. Embryogenic calluspieces were sub-cultured on fresh medium 3 days before co-cultivation(to boost cell division activity).

Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 containing the expression vector was usedfor cocultivation. Agrobacterium was inoculated on AB medium with theappropriate antibiotics and cultured for 3 days at 28° C. The bacteriawere then collected and suspended in liquid co-cultivation medium to adensity (OD600) of about 1. The suspension was then transferred to aPetri dish and the calli immersed in the suspension for 15 minutes. Thecallus tissues were then blotted dry on a filter paper and transferredto solidified, co-cultivation medium and incubated for 3 days in thedark at 25° C. Co-cultivated calli were grown on 2,4-D-containing mediumfor 4 weeks in the dark at 28° C. in the presence of a selection agent.During this period, rapidly growing resistant callus islands developed.After transfer of this material to a regeneration medium and incubationin the light, the embryogenic potential was released and shootsdeveloped in the next four to five weeks. Shoots were excised from thecalli and incubated for 2 to 3 weeks on an auxin-containing medium fromwhich they were transferred to soil. Hardened shoots were grown underhigh humidity and short days in a greenhouse.

Approximately 35 independent TO rice transformants were generated forone construct. The primary transformants were transferred from a tissueculture chamber to a greenhouse. After a quantitative PCR analysis toverify copy number of the T-DNA insert, only single copy transgenicplants that exhibit tolerance to the selection agent were kept forharvest of T1 seed. Seeds were then harvested three to five months aftertransplanting. The method yielded single locus transformants at a rateof over 50% (Aldemita and Hodges 1996, Chan et al. 1993, Hiei et al.1994).

Example 10 Phenotypic Evaluation Procedure 10.1 Evaluation Setup

Approximately 35 independent TO rice transformants were generated. Theprimary transformants were transferred from a tissue culture chamber toa greenhouse for growing and harvest of T1 seed. Six events, of whichthe T1 progeny segregated 3:1 for presence/absence of the transgene,were retained. For each of these events, approximately 10 T1 seedlingscontaining the transgene (hetero- and homo-zygotes) and approximately 10T1 seedlings lacking the transgene (nullizygotes) were selected bymonitoring visual marker expression. The transgenic plants and thecorresponding nullizygotes were grown side-by-side at random positions.Greenhouse conditions were of shorts days (12 hours light), 28° C. inthe light and 22° C. in the dark, and a relative humidity of 70%.

From the stage of sowing until the stage of maturity the plants werepassed several times through a digital imaging cabinet. At each timepoint digital images (2048×1536 pixels, 16 million colours) were takenof each plant from at least 6 different angles.

10.2 Statistical Analysis: F-Test

A two factor ANOVA (analysis of variants) was used as a statisticalmodel for the overall evaluation of plant phenotypic characteristics. AnF-test was carried out on all the parameters measured of all the plantsof all the events transformed with the gene of the present invention.The F-test was carried out to check for an effect of the gene over allthe transformation events and to verify for an overall effect of thegene, also known as a global gene effect. The threshold for significancefor a true global gene effect was set at a 5% probability level for theF-test. A significant F-test value points to a gene effect, meaning thatit is not only the mere presence or position of the gene that is causingthe differences in phenotype.

10.3 Parameters Measured Biomass-Related Parameter Measurement

From the stage of sowing until the stage of maturity the plants werepassed several times through a digital imaging cabinet. At each timepoint digital images (2048×1536 pixels, 16 million colours) were takenof each plant from at least 6 different angles.

The plant aboveground area (or leafy biomass) was determined by countingthe total number of pixels on the digital images from aboveground plantparts discriminated from the background. This value was averaged for thepictures taken on the same time point from the different angles and wasconverted to a physical surface value expressed in square mm bycalibration. Experiments show that the aboveground plant area measuredthis way correlates with the biomass of plant parts above ground. Theabove ground area is the time point at which the plant had reached itsmaximal leafy biomass. The early vigour is the plant (seedling)aboveground area three weeks post-germination. Increase in root biomassis expressed as an increase in total root biomass (measured as maximumbiomass of roots observed during the lifespan of a plant); or as anincrease in the root/shoot index (measured as the ratio between rootmass and shoot mass in the period of active growth of root and shoot).

Seed-Related Parameter Measurements

The mature primary panicles were harvested, counted, bagged,barcode-labelled and then dried for three days in an oven at 37° C. Thepanicles were then threshed and all the seeds were collected andcounted. The filled husks were separated from the empty ones using anair-blowing device. The empty husks were discarded and the remainingfraction was counted again. The filled husks were weighed on ananalytical balance. The number of filled seeds was determined bycounting the number of filled husks that remained after the separationstep. The total seed yield was measured by weighing all filled husksharvested from a plant. Total seed number per plant was measured bycounting the number of husks harvested from a plant. Thousand KernelWeight (TKW) is extrapolated from the number of filled seeds counted andtheir total weight. The Harvest Index (HI) in the present invention isdefined as the ratio between the total seed yield and the above groundarea (mm²), multiplied by a factor 10⁶. The total number of flowers perpanicle as defined in the present invention is the ratio between thetotal number of seeds and the number of mature primary panicles. Theseed fill rate as defined in the present invention is the proportion(expressed as a %) of the number of filled seeds over the total numberof seeds (or florets).

Example 11 Results of the Phenotypic Evaluation of the Transgenic Plants

The results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants expressing thenucleic acid sequence useful in performing the methods of the inventionare presented in Table A4. The percentage difference between thetransgenics and the corresponding nullizygotes is also shown, with a Pvalue from the F test below 0.05.

Root/shoot index, seed yield, harvest index and Thousand Kernel Weight(TKW) are significantly increased in the transgenic plants expressingthe nucleic acid sequence useful in performing the methods of theinvention, compared to the control plants (in this case, thenullizygotes).

TABLE A4 Results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants expressingthe nucleic acid sequence useful in performing the methods of theinvention. Trait % Increase in T1 generation Aboveground area −3Root/shoot index 4 Total seed yield 7 Harvest index 9 TKW 6

Example 12 Transformation of Other Crops Corn Transformation

Transformation of maize (Zea mays) is performed with a modification ofthe method described by Ishida et al. (1996) Nature Biotech 14(6):745-50. Transformation is genotype-dependent in corn and only specificgenotypes are amenable to transformation and regeneration. The inbredline A188 (University of Minnesota) or hybrids with A188 as a parent aregood sources of donor material for transformation, but other genotypescan be used successfully as well. Ears are harvested from corn plantapproximately 11 days after pollination (DAP) when the length of theimmature embryo is about 1 to 1.2 mm. Immature embryos are cocultivatedwith Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the expression vector, andtransgenic plants are recovered through organogenesis. Excised embryosare grown on callus induction medium, then maize regeneration medium,containing the selection agent (for example imidazolinone but variousselection markers can be used). The Petri plates are incubated in thelight at 25° C. for 2-3 weeks, or until shoots develop. The green shootsare transferred from each embryo to maize rooting medium and incubatedat 25° C. for 2-3 weeks, until roots develop. The rooted shoots aretransplanted to soil in the greenhouse. T1 seeds are produced fromplants that exhibit tolerance to the selection agent and that contain asingle copy of the T-DNA insert.

Wheat Transformation

Transformation of wheat is performed with the method described by Ishidaet al. (1996) Nature Biotech 14(6): 745-50. The cultivar Bobwhite(available from CIMMYT, Mexico) is commonly used in transformation.Immature embryos are co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefacienscontaining the expression vector, and transgenic plants are recoveredthrough organogenesis. After incubation with Agrobacterium, the embryosare grown in vitro on callus induction medium, then regeneration medium,containing the selection agent (for example imidazolinone but variousselection markers can be used). The Petri plates are incubated in thelight at 25° C. for 2-3 weeks, or until shoots develop. The green shootsare transferred from each embryo to rooting medium and incubated at 25°C. for 2-3 weeks, until roots develop. The rooted shoots aretransplanted to soil in the greenhouse. T1 seeds are produced fromplants that exhibit tolerance to the selection agent and that contain asingle copy of the T-DNA insert.

Soybean Transformation

Soybean is transformed according to a modification of the methoddescribed in the Texas A&M U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,310. Several commercialsoybean varieties are amenable to transformation by this method. Thecultivar Jack (available from the Illinois Seed foundation) is commonlyused for transformation. Soybean seeds are sterilised for in vitrosowing. The hypocotyl, the radicle and one cotyledon are excised fromseven-day old young seedlings. The epicotyl and the remaining cotyledonare further grown to develop axillary nodes. These axillary nodes areexcised and incubated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing theexpression vector. After the cocultivation treatment, the explants arewashed and transferred to selection media. Regenerated shoots areexcised and placed on a shoot elongation medium. Shoots no longer than 1cm are placed on rooting medium until roots develop. The rooted shootsare transplanted to soil in the greenhouse. T1 seeds are produced fromplants that exhibit tolerance to the selection agent and that contain asingle copy of the T-DNA insert.

Rapeseed/Canola Transformation

Cotyledonary petioles and hypocotyls of 5-6 day old young seedling areused as explants for tissue culture and transformed according to Babicet al. (1998, Plant Cell Rep 17: 183-188). The commercial cultivarWestar (Agriculture Canada) is the standard variety used fortransformation, but other varieties can also be used. Canola seeds aresurface-sterilized for in vitro sowing. The cotyledon petiole explantswith the cotyledon attached are excised from the in vitro seedlings, andinoculated with Agrobacterium (containing the expression vector) bydipping the cut end of the petiole explant into the bacterialsuspension. The explants are then cultured for 2 days on MSBAP-3 mediumcontaining 3 mg/l BAP, 3% sucrose, 0.7% Phytagar at 23° C., 16 hr light.After two days of co-cultivation with Agrobacterium, the petioleexplants are transferred to MSBAP-3 medium containing 3 mg/l BAP,cefotaxime, carbenicillin, or timentin (300 mg/l) for 7 days, and thencultured on MSBAP-3 medium with cefotaxime, carbenicillin, or timentinand selection agent until shoot regeneration. When the shoots are 5-10mm in length, they are cut and transferred to shoot elongation medium(MSBAP-0.5, containing 0.5 mg/l BAP). Shoots of about 2 cm in length aretransferred to the rooting medium (MS0) for root induction. The rootedshoots are transplanted to soil in the greenhouse. T1 seeds are producedfrom plants that exhibit tolerance to the selection agent and thatcontain a single copy of the T-DNA insert.

Alfalfa Transformation

A regenerating clone of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is transformed usingthe method of (McKersie et al., 1999 Plant Physiol 119: 839-847).Regeneration and transformation of alfalfa is genotype dependent andtherefore a regenerating plant is required. Methods to obtainregenerating plants have been described. For example, these can beselected from the cultivar Rangelander (Agriculture Canada) or any othercommercial alfalfa variety as described by Brown D C W and A Atanassov(1985. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture 4: 111-112). Alternatively, theRA3 variety (University of Wisconsin) has been selected for use intissue culture (Walker et al., 1978 Am J Bot 65:654-659). Petioleexplants are cocultivated with an overnight culture of Agrobacteriumtumefaciens C58C1 pMP90 (McKersie et al., 1999 Plant Physiol 119:839-847) or LBA4404 containing the expression vector. The explants arecocultivated for 3 d in the dark on SH induction medium containing 288mg/L Pro, 53 mg/L thioproline, 4.35 g/L K2SO4, and 100 μmacetosyringinone. The explants are washed in half-strengthMurashige-Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) and plated on thesame SH induction medium without acetosyringinone but with a suitableselection agent and suitable antibiotic to inhibit Agrobacterium growth.After several weeks, somatic embryos are transferred to BOi2Ydevelopment medium containing no growth regulators, no antibiotics, and50 g/L sucrose. Somatic embryos are subsequently germinated onhalf-strength Murashige-Skoog medium. Rooted seedlings were transplantedinto pots and grown in a greenhouse. T1 seeds are produced from plantsthat exhibit tolerance to the selection agent and that contain a singlecopy of the T-DNA insert.

Cotton Transformation

Cotton is transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens according to themethod described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,135. Cotton seeds are surfacesterilised in 3% sodium hypochlorite solution during 20 minutes andwashed in distilled water with 500 μg/ml cefotaxime. The seeds are thentransferred to SH-medium with 50 μg/ml benomyl for germination.Hypocotyls of 4 to 6 days old seedlings are removed, cut into 0.5 cmpieces and are placed on 0.8% agar. An Agrobacterium suspension (approx.108 cells per ml, diluted from an overnight culture transformed with thegene of interest and suitable selection markers) is used for inoculationof the hypocotyl explants. After 3 days at room temperature andlighting, the tissues are transferred to a solid medium (1.6 g/lGelrite) with Murashige and Skoog salts with B5 vitamins (Gamborg etal., Exp. Cell Res. 50:151-158 (1968)), 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.1 mg/l6-furfurylaminopurine and 750 μg/ml MgCL2, and with 50 to 100 μg/mlcefotaxime and 400-500 μg/ml carbenicillin to kill residual bacteria.Individual cell lines are isolated after two to three months (withsubcultures every four to six weeks) and are further cultivated onselective medium for tissue amplification (30° C., 16 hr photoperiod).Transformed tissues are subsequently further cultivated on non-selectivemedium during 2 to 3 months to give rise to somatic embryos. Healthylooking embryos of at least 4 mm length are transferred to tubes with SHmedium in fine vermiculite, supplemented with 0.1 mg/l indole aceticacid, 6 furfurylaminopurine and gibberellic acid. The embryos arecultivated at 30° C. with a photoperiod of 16 hrs, and plantlets at the2 to 3 leaf stage are transferred to pots with vermiculite andnutrients. The plants are hardened and subsequently moved to thegreenhouse for further cultivation.

Example 13 Examples of Abiotic Stress Screens Drought Screen

Plants from a selected number of events are grown in potting soil undernormal conditions until they approached the heading stage. They are thentransferred to a “dry” section where irrigation is withheld. Humidityprobes are inserted in randomly chosen pots to monitor the soil watercontent (SWC). When SWC go below certain thresholds, the plants areautomatically re-watered continuously until a normal level is reachedagain. The plants are then re-transferred to normal conditions. The restof the cultivation (plant maturation, seed harvest) is the same as forplants not grown under abiotic stress conditions. Growth and yieldparameters are recorded as detailed for growth under normal conditions.

Salt Stress Screen

Plants are grown on a substrate made of coco fibers and argex (3 to 1ratio). A normal nutrient solution is used during the first two weeksafter transplanting the plantlets in the greenhouse. After the first twoweeks, 25 mM of salt (NaCl) is added to the nutrient solution, until theplants were harvested. Growth and yield parameters are recorded asdetailed for growth under normal conditions.

Reduced Nutrient (Nitrogen) Availability Screen

Plants from six events (T2 seeds) are grown in potting soil under normalconditions except for the nutrient solution. The pots are watered fromtransplantation to maturation with a specific nutrient solutioncontaining reduced N nitrogen (N) content, usually between 7 to 8 timesless. The rest of the cultivation (plant maturation, seed harvest) isthe same as for plants not grown under abiotic stress. Growth and yieldparameters are recorded as detailed for growth under normal conditions.

EXAMPLES CAH3 Example 14 Identification of Sequences Related to SEQ IDNO: 80 and SEQ ID NO: 81

Sequences (full length cDNA, ESTs or genomic) related to SEQ ID NO: 80and/or protein sequences related to SEQ ID NO: 81 were identifiedamongst those maintained in the Entrez Nucleotides database at theNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using databasesequence search tools, such as the Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST)(Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; and Altschul et al.(1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402). The program is used to findregions of local similarity between sequences by comparing nucleic acidor polypeptide sequences to sequence databases and by calculating thestatistical significance of matches. The polypeptide encoded by SEQ IDNO: 80 was used for the TBLASTN algorithm, with default settings and thefilter to ignore low complexity sequences set off. The output of theanalysis was viewed by pairwise comparison, and ranked according to theprobability score (E-value), where the score reflects the probabilitythat a particular alignment occurs by chance (the lower the E-value, themore significant the hit). In addition to E-values, comparisons werealso scored by percentage identity. Percentage identity refers to thenumber of identical nucleotides (or amino acids) between the twocompared nucleic acid (or polypeptide) sequences over a particularlength. In some instances, the default parameters may be adjusted tomodify the stringency of the search.

Table B provides a list of nucleic acid and protein sequences related tothe nucleic acid sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 80 and theprotein sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 81.

TABLE B Nucleic acid sequences related to the nucleic acid sequence (SEQID NO: 80) useful in the methods of the present invention, and thecorresponding deduced polypeptides. Nucleic acid Polypeptide DatabaseName Source organism SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: accession Status CrCAH3Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 80 81 / Full length CrCAH3-2 Chlamydomonasreinhardtii 82 83 U40871 Full length AtCAH3 Arabidopsis thaliana 84 85NP_001031206 Full length MtCAH3 Medicago truncatula 86 87 ABE93115 Fulllength MtCAH3-2 Medicago truncatula 88 89 ABE93118 Full length AtCAH3-2Arabidopsis thaliana 90 91 At1g70410 Full length OsCAH3 Oryza sativa 9293 Os09g0464000 Full length OsCAH3-2 Oryza sativa 94 95 NP_001065776Full length DsCAH3 Dunaliella salina 96 97 AF190735 Full length DsCAH3-2Dunaliella salina 98 99 AAF22644 Full length CrCAH3-3 Chlamydomonasreinhardtii 100 101 P24258 Full length CrCAH3-4 Chlamydomonasreinhardtii 102 103 BAA14232 Full length PpCAH3 Physcomitrella patens104 105 CAH58714 Full length AtCAH3-3 Arabidopsis thaliana 106 107At5g14740 Full length DsCAH3-3 Dunaliella salina 108 109 P54212 Fulllength AtCAH3-4 Arabidopsis thaliana 110 111 At3g52720 Full lengthAtCAH3-5 Arabidopsis thaliana 112 113 At5g56330 Full length AtCAH3-6Arabidopsis thaliana 114 115 At5g04180 Full length NlCAH3 Nicotianalangsdorffii × 116 117 Q84UV8 Full length Nicotiana sanderae FbCAH3Flaveria bidentis 118 119 P46510 Full length HvCAH3 Hordeum vulgare 120121 P40880 Full length CrCAH3-5 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 122 123AAB19183 Full length OsCAH3-3 Oryza sativa 124 125 Os01g0639900 Fulllength AtCAH3-7 Arabidopsis thaliana 126 127 At3g01500 Full lengthFpCAH3 Flaveria pringlei 128 129 P46281 Full length FlCAH3 Flaverialinearis 130 131 P46512 Full length FbrCAH3 Flaveria brownii 132 133P46511 Full length NpCAH3 Nicotiana paniculata 134 135 BAA25639 Fulllength NtCAH3 Nicotiana tabacum 136 137 P27141 Full length PtCAH3Populus tremula × Populus 138 139 AAC49785 Full length tremuloidesPtCAH3-2 Populus tremula × Populus 140 141 AAB65822 Full lengthtremuloides AtCAH3-8 Arabidopsis thaliana 142 143 AT1G23730 Full lengthSoCAH3 Spinacia oleracea 144 145 P16016 Full length PsCAH3 Pisum sativum146 147 CAA36792 Full length MtCAH3-3 Medicago truncatula 148 149ABE84842 Full length MtCAH3-4 Medicago truncatula 150 151 ABE93117 Fulllength AtCAH3-9 Arabidopsis thaliana 152 153 At1g08080 Full lengthFpCAH3-2 Flaveria pringlei 154 155 ABC41658 Full length FlCAH3-2Flaveria linearis 156 157 ABC41659 Full length AtCAH3-10 Arabidopsisthaliana 158 159 At1g19580 Full length GhCAH3 Gossypium hirsutum 160 161DT561379 Full length LeCAH3 Lycopersicon esculentum 162 163 BT014370Full length ZmCAH3 Zea mays 164 165 U08403 Full length ZmCAH3-2 Zea mays166 167 U08401 Full length UpCAH3 Urochloa panicoides 168 169 U19741Full length UpCAH3-2 Urochloa panicoides 170 171 U19739 Full lengthCrCAH3-6 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 172 173 AAR82948 Full length CrCAH3-7Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 174 175 AAS48197 Full length OsCAH3-4 Oryzasativa 176 177 AK103904 Full length OsCAH3-5 Oryza sativa 178 179Os08g0470200 Full length DcCAH3 Dioscorea cayenensis 180 181 X76187 Fulllength DbCAH3 Dioscorea batatas 182 183 AB178473 Full length DaCAH3Dioscorea alata 184 185 AF243526 Full length OsCAH3-6 Oryza sativa 186187 Os08g0423500 Full length OsCAH3-7 Oryza sativa 188 189 Os12g0153500Full length AtCAH3-11 Arabidopsis thaliana 190 191 At4g20990 Full lengthAtCAH3-12 Arabidopsis thaliana 192 193 At1g08065 Full length AaCAH3Adonis aestivalis 194 / Full length GmCAH3 Glycine max 195 / Full lengthBnCAH3 Brassica napus 196 / Full length ZmCAH3-3 Zea mays 197 / Fulllength TaCAH3 Triticum aestivum 198 / Full length GmCAH3-2 Glycine max199 / Full length HvCAH3-2 Hordeum vulgare 200 / Full length ZmCAH3-4Zea mays 201 / Full length BnCAH3-2 Brassica napus 202 / Full length

Example 15 Alignment of Relevant Polypeptide Sequences

AlignX from the Vector NTI (Invitrogen) is based on the popular Clustalalgorithm of progressive alignment (Thompson et al. (1997) Nucleic AcidsRes 25:4876-4882; Chema et al. (2003). Nucleic Acids Res 31:3497-3500).A phylogenetic tree can be constructed using a neighbour-joiningclustering algorithm. Default values are for the gap open penalty of 10,for the gap extension penalty of 0, 1 and the selected weight matrix isBlosum 62 (if polypeptides are aligned).

The result of the multiple sequence alignment using alpha type CAH3polypeptides relevant in identifying the ones useful in performing themethods of the invention is shown in FIG. 7. Similar multiple alignmentsmay be created for beta- and gamma-type CAH3 polypeptides using thesequences listed in FIG. 9. A multiple alignment of all CAH3 sequenceswas used as input data for calculating the phylogenetic tree.

Example 16 Calculation of Global Percentage Identity Between PolypeptideSequences Useful in Performing the Methods of the Invention

Global percentages of similarity and identity between full lengthpolypeptide sequences useful in performing the methods of the inventionwere determined using one of the methods available in the art, theMatGAT (Matrix Global Alignment Tool) software (BMC Bioinformatics. 20034:29. MatGAT: an application that generates similarity/identity matricesusing protein or DNA sequences. Campanella J J, Bitincka L, Smalley J;software hosted by Ledion Bitincka). MatGAT software generatessimilarity/identity matrices for DNA or protein sequences withoutneeding pre-alignment of the data. The program performs a series ofpair-wise alignments using the Myers and Miller global alignmentalgorithm (with a gap opening penalty of 12, and a gap extension penaltyof 2), calculates similarity and identity using for example Blosum 62(for polypeptides), and then places the results in a distance matrix.Sequence similarity is shown in the bottom half of the dividing line andsequence identity is shown in the top half of the diagonal dividingline.

Parameters used in the comparison were:

-   -   Scoring matrix: Blosum62    -   First Gap: 12    -   Extending gap: 2

Results of the software analysis are shown in Table B1 for the globalsimilarity and identity over the full length of the alpha-type CAH3polypeptide sequences (excluding the partial polypeptide sequences).Percentage identity is given above the diagonal and percentagesimilarity is given below the diagonal.

The percentage identity between the polypeptide sequences useful inperforming the methods of the invention can be as low as 16% amino acididentity compared to SEQ ID NO: 81.

TABLE B1 MatGAT results for global similarity and identity over the fulllength of the polypeptide sequences. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11  1. SEQ ID81 28.3 27.2 25.2 29.4 24.7 25.9 25.6 26.8 28.2 27.1  2. SEQ ID 105 43.529.9 32.7 33.7 27.9 30.1 31.2 31.2 33.5 31.8  3. SEQ ID 115 44.2 45.840.4 37.5 37.7 35.2 35.7 40.4 41.3 38.8  4. SEQ ID 179 45.5 46.5 58.556.2 42.1 44.8 44.0 46.2 44.6 49.1  5. SEQ ID 187 44.5 50.4 54.5 74.645.7 46.0 46.0 40.6 43.7 42.9  6. SEQ ID 185 39.7 48.0 55.6 62.2 61.267.5 67.8 37.8 38.3 39.4  7. SEQ ID 181 42.3 48.7 55.6 64.4 60.1 84.291.6 36.2 42.3 42.0  8. SEQ ID 183 41.6 49.8 55.2 62.2 60.5 83.5 93.836.2 41.3 43.1  9. SEQ ID 191 41.6 49.4 59.6 61.1 59.4 59.0 59.7 59.342.1 46.2 10. SEQ ID 117 44.2 50.7 59.2 65.8 60.9 59.1 62.4 60.9 64.646.8 11. SEQ ID 153 43.9 48.0 58.8 69.5 62.0 64.7 64.4 65.5 64.4 69.112. SEQ ID 113 32.6 31.7 38.3 42.9 40.6 41.4 42.3 42.3 40.0 43.7 48.613. SEQ ID 193 38.4 48.7 55.6 65.8 57.6 61.2 61.9 63.1 62.5 63.1 68.714. SEQ ID 111 41.3 45.8 54.6 53.9 54.2 54.6 51.8 52.8 54.9 57.7 57.715. SEQ ID 189 41.3 46.6 55.2 59.1 54.8 55.2 54.8 54.4 53.7 55.5 56.916. SEQ ID 95 28.1 32.0 39.4 40.0 35.5 40.7 39.2 39.2 40.1 36.1 38.5 17.SEQ ID 101 36.8 38.2 36.3 37.9 37.1 34.2 35.3 33.7 33.7 34.5 32.1 18.SEQ ID 103 36.6 35.0 38.5 38.2 36.3 32.6 34.7 34.2 34.0 35.3 34.7 19.SEQ ID 109 27.0 23.8 24.1 23.6 25.6 22.6 24.3 23.6 23.6 24.3 26.1 20.SEQ ID 99 26.3 26.3 27.4 25.6 26.1 24.5 25.2 24.5 23.6 24.9 27.0 21. SEQID 97 26.9 26.3 30.1 28.5 28.5 25.5 28.3 27.1 27.1 26.7 27.5 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21  1. SEQ ID 81 18.7 24.9 24.0 24.8 16.0 23.5 23.0 18.619.1 19.1  2. SEQ ID 105 19.4 30.3 29.4 33.7 22.0 25.6 23.8 15.7 17.417.4  3. SEQ ID 115 21.6 37.6 33.4 33.7 23.3 21.5 21.9 15.9 15.4 18.4 4. SEQ ID 179 27.5 45.7 33.1 39.2 22.5 22.7 24.0 15.8 15.9 16.7  5. SEQID 187 24.3 37.9 32.6 36.1 23.2 23.3 22.3 17.7 17.4 18.2  6. SEQ ID 18524.9 41.7 31.6 35.8 26.1 23.2 22.3 15.9 15.2 16.2  7. SEQ ID 181 26.539.9 31.7 36.5 22.9 22.1 20.7 15.1 15.7 17.0  8. SEQ ID 183 26.0 40.732.5 37.3 22.9 21.7 21.9 14.8 14.6 17.0  9. SEQ ID 191 24.8 43.5 35.334.3 25.4 23.9 23.8 15.6 15.8 15.0 10. SEQ ID 117 27.4 40.3 34.1 34.722.4 18.8 18.5 15.2 15.8 16.8 11. SEQ ID 153 33.8 51.8 35.3 39.0 24.720.9 20.7 15.6 15.9 17.0 12. SEQ ID 113 36.8 20.9 24.2 14.5 14.7 11.615.8 15.1 12.2 13. SEQ ID 193 48.6 35.8 36.7 24.4 20.4 21.7 15.3 16.518.7 14. SEQ ID 111 40.6 54.2 36.7 27.0 18.7 21.1 14.4 14.0 15.5 15. SEQID 189 36.6 52.7 56.7 41.3 22.8 22.1 16.3 17.0 20.2 16. SEQ ID 95 23.438.4 39.8 48.8 15.6 15.4 13.8 14.1 13.5 17. SEQ ID 101 30.3 33.9 33.735.3 23.9 91.9 16.7 19.3 19.1 18. SEQ ID 103 24.9 34.2 35.0 37.7 24.995.0 16.5 19.1 19.5 19. SEQ ID 109 25.8 24.3 23.4 25.0 19.4 27.8 28.943.4 32.4 20. SEQ ID 99 24.7 25.2 25.6 26.1 19.8 31.0 29.7 60.1 31.3 21.SEQ ID 97 24.3 27.7 29.5 27.7 19.5 33.7 33.5 46.2 46.5

Example 17 Identification of Domains Comprised in Polypeptide SequencesUseful in Performing the Methods of the Invention

The Integrated Resource of Protein Families, Domains and Sites(InterPro) database is an integrated interface for the commonly usedsignature databases for text- and sequence-based searches. The InterProdatabase combines these databases, which use different methodologies andvarying degrees of biological information about well-characterizedproteins to derive protein signatures. Collaborating databases includeSWISS-PROT, PROSITE, TrEMBL, PRINTS, Propom and Pfam, Smart andTIGRFAMs. Interpro is hosted at the European Bioinformatics Institute inthe United Kingdom.

The results of the InterPro scan of the polypeptide sequence asrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 81 are presented in Table F2.

TABLE B2 InterPro scan results of the polypeptide sequence asrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 81 Database Accession number Accession namePRODOM PD000865 Q39588_CHLRE_Q39588 PANTHER PTHR18952 CARBONIC ANHYDRASEPFAM PF00194 Carb_anhydrase PROFILE PS00162 ALPHA_CA_1 PROFILE PS51144ALPHA_CA_2 SUPERFAMILY SSF51069 Carbonic anhydrase

Example 18 Topology Prediction of the Polypeptide Sequences Useful inPerforming the Methods of the Invention (Subcellular Localization,Transmembrane . . . )

TargetP 1.1 predicts the subcellular location of eukaryotic proteins.The location assignment is based on the predicted presence of any of theN-terminal pre-sequences: chloroplast transit peptide (cTP),mitochondrial targeting peptide (mTP) or secretory pathway signalpeptide (SP). Scores on which the final prediction is based are notreally probabilities, and they do not necessarily add to one. However,the location with the highest score is the most likely according toTargetP, and the relationship between the scores (the reliability class)may be an indication of how certain the prediction is. The reliabilityclass (RC) ranges from 1 to 5, where 1 indicates the strongestprediction. TargetP is maintained at the server of the TechnicalUniversity of Denmark.

For the sequences predicted to contain an N-terminal presequence apotential cleavage site can also be predicted.

A number of parameters were selected, such as organism group (non-plantor plant), cutoff sets (none, predefined set of cutoffs, oruser-specified set of cutoffs), and the calculation of prediction ofcleavage sites (yes or no).

The results of TargetP 1.1 analysis of the polypeptide sequence asrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 81 are presented Table B3. The “plant”organism group has been selected, no cutoffs defined, and the predictedlength of the transit peptide requested. The subcellular localization ofthe polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 81 is predicted tobe the mitochondrion, but in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii it was shown tobe a chloroplastic enzyme. The predicted length of the putative transitpeptide is of 13 amino acids starting from the N-terminus (not asreliable as the prediction of the subcellular localization itself, mayvary in length of a few amino acids).

TABLE B3 TargetP 1.1 analysis of the polypeptide sequence as representedby SEQ ID NO: 81 Length (AA) 310 Chloroplastic transit peptide 0.308Mitochondrial transit peptide 0.800 Secretory pathway signal peptide0.004 Other subcellular targeting 0.046 Predicted Location mitochondrionReliability class 3 Predicted transit peptide length 13

Many other algorithms can be used to perform such analyses, including:

-   -   ChloroP 1.1 hosted on the server of the Technical University of        Denmark;    -   Protein Prowler Subcellular Localisation Predictor version 1.2        hosted on the server of the Institute for Molecular Bioscience,        University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;    -   PENCE Proteome Analyst PA-GOSUB 2.5 hosted on the server of the        University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;    -   TMHMM, hosted on the server of the Technical University of        Denmark

Example 19 Assay Related to the Polypeptide Sequences Useful inPerforming the Methods of the Invention

Polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 81 is an enzyme withas Enzyme Commission (EC; classification of enzymes by the reactionsthey catalyse) number EC 4.2.2.1 for carbonic anhydrase. The functionalassay may be an assay for CA activity based on a titrimetric assay, asdescribed by Karlsson et al. (Plant Physiol. 109: 533-539, 1995).Briefly, CA activity is electrochemically determined by measuring thetime for the pH to decrease from 8.0 to 7.2, at 2° C., in a sample of 4ml of 20 mM veronal buffer, pH 8.3, upon addition of 2 ml of ice-coldC0₂-saturated distilled H₂O. One WAU (Wilbur-Anderson Unit; Wilbur andAnderson, J Biol Chem 176: 147-154, 1948; Yang et al., Plant CellPhysiol 26: 25-34, 1985) of activity is defined as: WAU=(t₀−t)/t, wheret₀ is the time for the pH change with buffer controls and t is the timeobtained when CA-containing samples are added.

Example 20 Cloning of Nucleic Acid Sequence as Represented by SEQ ID NO:80

Unless otherwise stated, recombinant DNA techniques are performedaccording to standard protocols described in (Sambrook (2001) MolecularCloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd Edition Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, CSH, New York) or in Volumes 1 and 2 of Ausubel et al. (1994),Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Current Protocols. Standardmaterials and methods for plant molecular work are described in PlantMolecular Biology Labfax (1993) by R. D. D. Croy, published by BIOSScientific Publications Ltd (UK) and Blackwell Scientific Publications(UK).

The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CAH3 gene was amplified by PCR using astemplate an Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cDNA library (Invitrogen, Paisley,UK). Primers prm8571 (SEQ ID NO: 207; sense, start codon in bold, AttB1site in italic: 5′-ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggcttaaacaatgcgctcagccgttc-3′) and prm8572 (SEQ ID NO: 208; reverse,complementary, AttB2 site in italic:5′-ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctgggtctcactg accctagcacactc-3′), whichinclude the AttB sites for Gateway recombination, were used for PCRamplification. PCR was performed using Hifi Taq DNA polymerase instandard conditions. A PCR fragment comprising the CAH3 CDS, includingattB sites, was amplified and purified also using standard methods. Thefirst step of the Gateway procedure, the BP reaction, was thenperformed, during which the PCR fragment recombines in vivo with thepDONR201 plasmid to produce, according to the Gateway terminology, an“entry clone”, pCAH3. Plasmid pDONR201 was purchased from Invitrogen, aspart of the Gateway® technology.

Example 21 Expression Vector Construction Using the Nucleic AcidSequence as Represented by SEQ ID NO: 80

The entry clone pCAH3 was subsequently used in an LR reaction with pPCR,a destination vector used for Oryza sativa transformation. This vectorcontains as functional elements within the T-DNA borders: a plantselectable marker; a screenable marker expression cassette; and aGateway cassette intended for LR in vivo recombination with the nucleicacid sequence of interest already cloned in the entry clone. A riceprotochlorophyllide reductase promoter (PcR, SEQ ID NO: 206) forconstitutive expression was located upstream of this Gateway cassette.

After the LR recombination step, the resulting expression vectorpPCR::CAH3 (FIG. 8) was transformed into Agrobacterium strain LBA4044according to methods well known in the art.

Example 22 Plant Transformation

See Example 9 above for details of rice transformation and see Example12 above for details of transformation of corn, wheat, soybean,canola/rapeseed, alfalfa and cotton.

Example 23 Phenotypic Evaluation Procedure

See Example 10 above for details.

Example 24 Results of the Phenotypic Evaluation of the Transgenic Plants

The results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants expressing thenucleic acid sequence useful in performing the methods of the inventionare presented in Table B4. The percentage difference between thetransgenics and the corresponding nullizygotes is also shown, with a Pvalue from the F test below 0.05.

Total seed yield, number of filled seeds, seed fill rate and harvestindex are significantly increased in the transgenic plants expressingthe nucleic acid sequence useful in performing the methods of theinvention, compared to the control plants (in this case, thenullizygotes).

TABLE B4 Results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants expressingthe nucleic acid sequence useful in performing the methods of theinvention. Trait % Increase in T1 generation % Increase in T2 generationFill rate 91 13 Harvest index 19.4 18.3

EXAMPLES CLAVATA Example 25 Identification of Sequences Related to SEQID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 211 and SEQ ID NO: 212

Nucleic acid sequences (full length cDNA, ESTs or genomic) related toSEQ ID NO: 209 or SEQ ID NO: 211, and/or polypeptide sequences relatedto SEQ ID NO: 210 and SEQ ID NO: 212 were identified amongst thosemaintained in the Entrez Nucleotides database at the National Center forBiotechnology Information (NCBI) using database sequence search tools,such as the Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al. (1990)J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; and Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res.25:3389-3402). The program is used to find regions of local similaritybetween sequences by comparing nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences tosequence databases and by calculating the statistical significance ofmatches. The polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO: 209 was used for theTBLASTN algorithm, with default settings and the filter to ignore lowcomplexity sequences set off. The output of the analysis was viewed bypairwise comparison, and ranked according to the probability score(E-value), where the score reflects the probability that a particularalignment occurs by chance (the lower the E-value, the more significantthe hit). In addition to E-values, comparisons were also scored bypercentage identity. Percentage identity refers to the number ofidentical nucleotides (or amino acids) between the two compared nucleicacid (or polypeptide) sequences over a particular length. In someinstances, the default parameters may be adjusted to modify thestringency of the search.

In addition to the publicly available nucleic acid sequences availableat NCBI, proprietary sequence databases are also searched following thesame procedure as described herein above.

Table C provides a list of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences relatedto the nucleic acid sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 211 and theamino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 212. The nucleic acidsequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 209 is comprised in SEQ ID NO 211.However, a premature stop codon has been introduced via PCR at position2251 of the nucleic acid sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 211, bysubstituting the A to a T (changing an AGA codon into a TGA stop codon).

TABLE C Nucleic acid sequences related to the nucleic acid sequence (SEQID NO: 211) useful in the methods of the present invention, and thecorresponding deduced polypeptides. Database Nucleic acid Polypeptideaccession Name Source organism SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: number StatusArath_CLAVATA1 Arabidopsis thaliana 211 212 ATU96879 Full lengthBrana_LRR-RLK Brassica napus 213 214 AY283519 Full length Eucgr_LRR-RLKEucalyptus grandis 215 216 AAA79716 Full length Glyma_CLV1A Glycine max217 218 AF197946 Full length Glyma_NARK_CLV1B Glycine max 219 220AF197947 Full length Lotja_HAR1 Lotus japonicus 221 222 AB092810.1 Fulllength Medtr_SUNN Medicago truncatula 223 224 AY769943 Full lengthOrysa_FON1 Oryza sativa 225 226 AB182388 Full length Pissa_SYM29 Pisumsativa 227 228 PSA495759 Full length Poptr_LRR-RLK I Populus tremuloides229 230 scaff_1514.1 Full length Poptr_LRR-RLK II Populus tremuloides231 232 scaff_II.178 Full length Zeama_KIN5 Zea mays — 233 Bommert etal. Full length Ipoba_CLV1 like Ipomoea batatas 234 235 AB162660.1Partial

Example 26 Alignment of Relevant Polypeptide Sequences

AlignX from the Vector NTI (Invitrogen) is based on the popular Clustalalgorithm of progressive alignment (Thompson et al. (1997) Nucleic AcidsRes 25:4876-4882; Chema et al. (2003). Nucleic Acids Res 31:3497-3500).A phylogenetic tree can be constructed using a neighbour-joiningclustering algorithm. Default values are for the gap open penalty of 10,for the gap extension penalty of 0, 1 and the selected weight matrix isBlosum 62 (if polypeptides are aligned).

The result of the multiple sequence alignment using polypeptidesrelevant in identifying the ones useful in performing the methods of theinvention is shown in FIG. 11. The following features are identified,from N-terminus to C-terminus:

-   -   a predicted signal peptide (identified as in Example 30);    -   Motif 1 as represented by SEQ ID NO: 236    -   Motif 2 as represented by SEQ ID NO: 237, comprising a conserved        cysteine pair;    -   a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, comprising 21 LRRs (see        Example 28);    -   a second conserved cysteine pair;    -   a predicted transmembrane domain (identified as in Example 30);    -   a kinase domain, comprising 11 conserved subdomains (see Example        28); within this kinase domain, the predicted kinase active site        is identified.

Example 27 Calculation of Global Percentage Identity Between PolypeptideSequences Useful in Performing the Methods of the Invention

Global percentages of similarity and identity between full lengthpolypeptide sequences useful in performing the methods of the inventionwere determined using one of the methods available in the art, theMatGAT (Matrix Global Alignment Tool) software (BMC Bioinformatics. 20034:29. MatGAT: an application that generates similarity/identity matricesusing protein or DNA sequences. Campanella J J, Bitincka L, Smalley J;software hosted by Ledion Bitincka). MatGAT software generatessimilarity/identity matrices for DNA or protein sequences withoutneeding pre-alignment of the data. The program performs a series ofpair-wise alignments using the Myers and Miller global alignmentalgorithm (with a gap opening penalty of 12, and a gap extension penaltyof 2), calculates similarity and identity using for example Blosum 62(for polypeptides), and then places the results in a distance matrix.Sequence similarity is shown in the bottom half of the dividing line andsequence identity is shown in the top half of the diagonal dividingline.

Parameters used in the comparison were:

-   -   Scoring matrix: Blosum62    -   First Gap: 12    -   Extending gap: 2

Results of the software analysis are shown in Table C1 for the globalsimilarity and identity over the full length of the polypeptidesequences (excluding the partial polypeptide sequences). Percentageidentity is given above the diagonal and percentage similarity is givenbelow the diagonal.

The percentage identity between the polypeptide sequences useful inperforming the methods of the invention can be as low as 51% amino acididentity compared to SEQ ID NO: 212.

TABLE C1 MatGAT results for global similarity and identity over the fulllength of the polypeptide sequences. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  1.Arath_CLAVATA1\FL 87.1 61.8 61.6 60.3 60.2 61.2 55.9 60.9 68.2 66.7 54.2 2. Brana_RLK 92.6 60.8 61.2 60.4 60.8 59.9 55.6 61 69.2 67.5 54.1  3.Eucgr_RLK 76.8 75.1 59.7 58.8 60.8 58.6 53.4 58.8 63.2 62.7 53.3  4.Glyma_NARK_CLV1B 75.3 75.9 74.5 90.2 78 75.2 53.5 74.6 64.6 63.5 53.5 5. Glyma_RLK_CLV1A 75.6 75.5 73.9 94.3 77 75.1 52.8 74.7 63.8 63 52.4 6. Lotja_RLK\HAR1 76.8 77.1 74.8 88 86 79.2 52.9 78 64.9 64.9 52.8  7.Medtr_SUNN 75.5 75.2 73.9 85.1 84.6 88.1 52 86.2 63.5 64.2 52  8.Orysa_FON1 70.7 71 69.5 67.8 67.9 69.1 67.7 51.9 55.8 56.2 77.2  9.Pissa_LRR-RLK 75.5 74.8 74.3 85 84.5 88 91.9 66.8 64 64.2 51 10.Poptr_RLK\I 80.9 81.3 77.1 78.9 77.9 77.8 77 71.1 77.4 86.8 54.6 11.Poptr_RLK\II 79.8 80.5 76.7 77.8 77 78.2 77.1 71.3 76.5 92.2 55.1 12.Zeama_KIN5 69.7 68.8 68.7 67.4 66.9 68.1 66.9 85.9 66.2 71.5 70.7

Example 28 Identification of Domains Comprised in Polypeptide SequencesUseful in Performing the Methods of the Invention

The Integrated Resource of Protein Families, Domains and Sites(InterPro) database is an integrated interface for the commonly usedsignature databases for text- and sequence-based searches. The InterProdatabase combines these databases, which use different methodologies andvarying degrees of biological information about well-characterizedproteins to derive protein signatures. Collaborating databases includeSWISS-PROT, PROSITE (PS accessions), TrEMBL, PRINTS (PR accessions),Propom (PD accessions) and Pfam (PF accessions), Smart (SM accessions),and TIGRFAMs. InterPro is hosted at the European BioinformaticsInstitute in the United Kingdom.

The results of the InterPro scan of the polypeptide sequence asrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 212 are presented in Table C2 and in FIG. 11.The leucine-rich repeat domain comprises a total of 21 tandem copies of23-25 amino acid residue long leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), and isflanked by pairs of spaced cysteine residues necessary for disulfidebonding with other proteins (for example with Clavata 2). Based on theclassification of Shiu and Bleecker (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sc 98(19):10763-10768), the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 212belongs to the LRR XI subfamily. The LRR domain is followed by apredicted transmembrane domain corresponding to amino acid residues 641to 659 in the polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 212 (seeExample 30). After the transmembrane domain is the intracellular kinasedomain comprising the characteristic 11 subdomains with all invariantamino acid residues conserved in comparison to other eukaryotic proteinkinases (Hank and Quinn 1 (1991) Methods Enzymol 200:38-62). A kinaseactive site is also predicted during the InterPro scan.

TABLE C2 InterPro scan results of the polypeptide sequence asrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 212 Integrated InterPro accession accessionnumber numbers Accession name IPR000719 PD000001 Protein kinase PF00069PS50011 IPR001245 SM00219 Tyrosine protein kinase IPR001611 PR00019Leucine-rich repeat PF00560 IPR002290 SM00220 Serine/threonine proteinkinase IPR003591 SM00369 Leucine-rich repeat, typical subtype IPR008271PS00108 Serine/threonine kinase, active site IPR011009 SSF56112 Proteinkinase-like IPR013210 PF08263 Leucine rich repeat, N-terminal

Example 29 Phosphorylation Prediction Sites Comprised in the PolypeptideSequences Useful in Performing the Methods of the Invention

The phosphorylation/dephosphorylation state of the polypeptide asrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 212 is directly related toactivation/inactivation of the polypeptide (Trotochaud et al., (1999)Plant Cell 11: 393-405). One protein phosphatase, KAPP, binds in aphosphorylation dependent manner to the kinase domain of SEQ ID NO: 212,thereby inactivating the signal transduction. By substituting thephosphorylatable amino acids with the kinase domain of withnonphosphorylatable amino acids, the activity of the polypeptidesequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 212 is abolished. It is possibleto identify serine (S), threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) phosphorylationprediction sites using algorithms such as NetPhos 2.0, hosted at theserver of the Technical University of Denmark. The NetPhos 2.0 serverproduces neural network predictions for serine, threonine and tyrosinephosphorylation sites in eukaryotic proteins.

The results of NetPhos 2.0 analysis of the polypeptide sequence asrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 212 are presented below. The kinase domain ofSEQ ID NO: 212 has been underlined, and predicted phosphorylation S, T,and Y sites comprised within this domain have been boxed. These can thenbe mutated to nonphosphorylatable amino acids by techniques well knownin the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis.

Polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 212MAMALLKTHLLFLHLYLFFSPCFAYTDMEVLLNLKSSMIGPKGHGLHDWIHSSSPDAHCSFSGVSCDDDARVISLNVSFT80PLFGTISPEIGMLTHLVNLTLAANNFTGELPLEMKSLTSLKVLNISNNGNLTGTFPGEILKAMVDLEVLDTYNNNFNGKL160PPEMSELKKLKYLSFGGNFFSGEIPESYGDIQSLEYLGLNGAGLSGKSPAFLSRLKNLREMYIGYYNSYTGGVPREFGGL240TKLEILDMASCTLTGEIPTSLSNLKHLHTLFLHINNLTGHIPPELSGLVSLKSLDLSINQLTGEIPQSFINLGNITLINL320FRNNLYGQIPEAIGELPKLEVFEVWENNFTLQLPANLGRNGNLIKLDVSDNHLTGLIPKDLCRGEKLEMLILSNNFFFGP400IPEELGKCKSLTKIRIVKNLLNGTVPAGLFNLPLVTIIELTDNFFSGELPVTMSGDVLDQIYLSNNWFSGEIPPAIGNFP480NLQTLFLDRNRFRGNIPREIFELKHLSRINTSANNITGGIPDSISRCSTLISVDLSRNRINGEIPKGINNVKNLGTLNIS560GNQLTGSIPTGIGNMTSLTTLDLSFNDLSGRVPLGGQFLVFNETSFAGNTYLCLPHRVSCPTRPGQTSDHNHTALFSPSR640IVITVIAAITGLILISVAIRQMNKKKNQKSLAWKLTAFQKLDFKSEDVLECLKEENIIGKGGAGIVYRGSMPNNVDVAIK720RLVGRGTGRSDHGFTAEIQTLGRIRHRHIVALLGYVANKDTNLLLYEYMPNGSLGELLHGSKGGHLQWETRHAVAVEAAK800GLCYLHHDCSPLILHADVKSNNILLDSDFEAHVADEGLAKFLVDGAASECMSSIAGSYGYIAPEYAYTLKVDEKSDVYSF880GVVLLELIAGKKPVGEFGEGVDIVRWVANTEEEITQPSDAAIVVAIVDPRLTGYPLTSVIHVFKIAMMCVEEEAAARPTM960 REVVHMLTNPPKSVANLIAF 1040Corresponding predicted phosphorylation sites

Ser Thr Tyr Phosphorylation sites predicted 22 7 7 Phosphorylation sitespredicted 3 5 2 comprised in the kinase domain

Example 30 Topology Prediction of the Polypeptide Sequences Useful inPerforming the Methods of the Invention (Subcellular Localization,Transmembrane . . . )

TargetP 1.1 predicts the subcellular location of eukaryotic proteins.The location assignment is based on the predicted presence of any of theN-terminal pre-sequences: chloroplast transit peptide (cTP),mitochondrial targeting peptide (mTP) or secretory pathway signalpeptide (SP). Scores on which the final prediction is based are notreally probabilities, and they do not necessarily add to one. However,the location with the highest score is the most likely according toTargetP, and the relationship between the scores (the reliability class)may be an indication of how certain the prediction is. The reliabilityclass (RC) ranges from 1 to 5, where 1 indicates the strongestprediction. TargetP is maintained at the server of the TechnicalUniversity of Denmark.

For the sequences predicted to contain an N-terminal presequence apotential cleavage site can also be predicted.

A number of parameters were selected, such as organism group (non-plantor plant), cutoff sets (none, predefined set of cutoffs, oruser-specified set of cutoffs), and the calculation of prediction ofcleavage sites (yes or no).

The results of TargetP 1.1 analysis of the polypeptide sequence asrepresented by SEQ ID NO: 212 are presented Table C3. The “plant”organism group has been selected, no cutoffs defined, and the predictedlength of the transit peptide requested. The subcellular localization ofthe polypeptide sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 210 is thesecretory pathway (endoplasmic reticulum or ER), and the predictedlength of the signal peptide is of 24 amino acids starting from theN-terminus (not as reliable as the prediction of the subcellularlocalization itself, may vary in length of a few amino acids).

TABLE C3 TargetP 1.1 analysis of the polypeptide sequence as representedby SEQ ID NO: 210 Length (AA) 980 Chloroplastic transit peptide 0.001Mitochondrial transit peptide 0.113 Secretory pathway signal peptide0.973 Other subcellular targeting 0.018 Predicted Location Secretory(endoplasmic reticulum or ER) Reliability class 1 Predicted signalpeptide length 24

Many other algorithms can be used to perform such analyses, including:

-   -   ChloroP 1.1 hosted on the server of the Technical University of        Denmark;    -   Protein Prowler Subcellular Localisation Predictor version 1.2        hosted on the server of the Institute for Molecular Bioscience,        University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;    -   PENCE Proteome Analyst PA-GOSUB 2.5 hosted on the server of the        University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;    -   TMHMM, hosted on the server of the Technical University of        Denmark. The output of

TMHMM2.0 algorithm on the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 212 isgiven in the Table C4 below. Two hydrophobic regions are identified,which correspond to: (i) a signal peptide for ER subcellular targeting;and (ii) a transmembrane domain.

TABLE C4 output of TMHMM2.0 algorithm on the polypeptide sequence of SEQID NO: 212 Amino acids Corresponding Position relative from N-terminusdomain on the to plasma to C-terminus polypeptide sequence membrane ofSEQ ID NO: 212 of SEQ ID NO: 212 Sequence outside cell  1-640Extracellular LRR domain Transmembrane helix 641-659 Transmembranedomain Sequence inside cell 660-980 Intracellular kinase domain

Example 31 Assay Related to the Polypeptide Sequences Useful inPerforming the Methods of the Invention, and Methods of Disrupting theBiological Function of the C-Terminal Domain

In a first step, activity of the polypeptides useful in performing themethods of the invention is identified by their capacity to bind totheir natural interactors, such as in Trotochaud et al. (1999; PlantCell 11: 393-406), using the methods described therein. One assay ofCLV1 activity is by testing the physical interaction of KAPP with thekinase domain of the CLV1 polypeptide using the yeast two-hybrid system.

In a second step, the identified CLV1 polypeptides are rendered usefulfor the methods of the invention by disrupting the biological functionof the C-terminal domain. Such methods (for disrupting the biologicalfunction) are well known in the art and include: removal, substitutionand/or insertion of amino acids of the C-terminal domain. One or moreamino acid(s) from the C-terminal domain may be removed, substitutedand/or inserted, usually using PCR-based techniques, for example:

-   -   (i) Removal, substitution and/or insertion of amino acids        comprising all or part of the C-terminal domain (in this        particular (i) example, taken to mean the amino acid sequence        following the amino acid sequence encoding the transmembrane        domain (from N terminus to C terminus)); or    -   (ii) substituting conserved amino acids (such as the kinase        active site as shown in FIG. 2 and Example 28 (involved        substrate ATP binding site), or the conserved G in kinase        subdomain IX (involved in autophosphorylation), or the conserved        cysteines in the second pair (involved in homo- and        heterodimerization)) by alanine, etc.; or    -   (iii) inserting amino acids in the kinase active site, for        example, to disrupt substrate binding;    -   (iv) substituting phosphorylatable amino acids (such as serine,        threonine or tyrosine) by non-phosphorylatable amino acids (for        interaction with other proteins, for example);    -   (v) or any other method for disrupting the biological function        known in the art.

One example of disruption of the biological function of the C-terminaldomain of a CLV1 polypeptide comprises introducing a premature stopcodon (on the reverse primer, SEQ ID NO: 239) via PCR at position 2251of the nucleic acid sequence as represented by SEQ ID NO: 211, bysubstituting the A to a T (changing an AGA codon into a TGA stop codon).

Example 32 Cloning of Nucleic Acid Sequence as Represented by SEQ ID NO:209

Unless otherwise stated, recombinant DNA techniques are performedaccording to standard protocols described in (Sambrook (2001) MolecularCloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd Edition Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, CSH, New York) or in Volumes 1 and 2 of Ausubel et al. (1994),Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Current Protocols. Standardmaterials and methods for plant molecular work are described in PlantMolecular Biology Labfax (1993) by R. D. D. Croy, published by BIOSScientific Publications Ltd (UK) and Blackwell Scientific Publications(UK).

The Arabidopsis thaliana nucleic acid sequence encoding the CLV1polypeptide with a non-functional domain of SEQ ID NO: 210 was amplifiedby PCR using as template an Arabidopsis thaliana seedling cDNA library(Invitrogen, Paisley, UK). The following primers which include the AttBsites for Gateway recombination, were used for PCR amplification:

1) prm8591 (SEQ ID NO: 238; sense, start codon in bold, AttB1 site initalic):

5′-ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggcttaaacaatggcgatgagacttttgaag-3′; and

2) prm8592 (SEQ ID NO: 239; reverse, complementary, AttB2 site initalic):

5′-ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctgggtcgctacgtaaccaagaagtcac-3′).

PCR was performed using Hifi Taq DNA polymerase in standard conditions.A PCR fragment was amplified and purified also using standard methods.The first step of the Gateway procedure, the BP reaction, was thenperformed, during which the PCR fragment recombines in vivo with thepDONR201 plasmid to produce, according to the Gateway terminology, an“entry clone”. Plasmid pDONR201 was purchased from Invitrogen, as partof the Gateway® technology.

Example 33 Expression Vector Construction Using the Nucleic AcidSequence as Represented by SEQ ID NO: 209

The entry clone containing the nucleic acid sequence encoding the CLV1polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 210 was subsequently used in an LR reactionwith a destination vector used for Oryza sativa transformation. Thisvector contains as functional elements within the T-DNA borders: a plantselectable marker; a screenable marker expression cassette; and aGateway cassette intended for LR in vivo recombination with the nucleicacid sequence of interest already cloned in the entry clone. A ricebeta-expansin promoter (SEQ ID NO: 240) for expression in youngexpanding tissues, was located upstream of this Gateway cassette.

After the LR recombination step, the resulting expression vectorcomprising the nucleic acid sequence for the beta-expansin promoterupstream of the nucleic acid sequence encoding Arath_CLV1 with anon-functional C-terminal domain (FIG. 12) was transformed intoAgrobacterium strain LBA4044 according to methods well known in the art.

Example 34 Plant Transformation

See Example 9 above for details of rice transformation and see Example12 above for details of transformation of corn, wheat, soybean,canola/rapeseed, alfalfa and cotton.

Example 35 Phenotypic Evaluation Procedure

See Example 10 above for details.

Example 36 Results of the Phenotypic Evaluation of the Transgenic Plants

The results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants expressing thenucleic acid sequence useful in performing the methods of the inventionare presented in Table C5. The percentage difference between thetransgenics and the corresponding nullizygotes is also shown, with a Pvalue from the F test below 0.05.

Aboveground biomass, total root biomass, thin root biomass, number ofprimary panicles, number of flowers per panicle, total seed yield,number of filled seeds, total number of seeds, and harvest index aresignificantly increased in the transgenic plants expressing the nucleicacid sequence useful in performing the methods of the invention,compared to the control plants (in this case, the nullizygotes).

TABLE C5 Results of the evaluation of transgenic rice plants expressingthe nucleic acid sequence useful in performing the methods of theinvention. Trait % Increase in T1 generation Aboveground biomass 5 Totalroot biomass 2 Thin root biomass 2 Number of primary panicles 8 Numberof flowers per panicle 6 Total seed yield 9 Number of filled seeds 12Total number of seeds 14 Harvest index 5 TKW −3

1. A method for enhancing seed yield-related traits in a plant relativeto a control plant, comprising modulating expression in a plant of anucleic acid encoding a CAH3 protein.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinthe CAH3 protein comprises any one or more of the motifs of SEQ ID NO:203, SEQ ID NO: 204, and SEQ ID NO:
 205. 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the nucleic acid encoding a CAH3 protein is any one of thenucleic acid sequences provided in Table B or a portion thereof, or asequence capable of hybridizing with any one of the nucleic acidsequences provided in Table B.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein themodulated expression is effected by introducing and expressing in aplant a nucleic acid encoding a CAH3 protein, and wherein said CAH3protein comprises any one or more of the motifs of SEQ ID NO: 203, SEQID NO: 204, and SEQ ID NO:
 205. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein theenhanced yield-related trait is increased seed yield.
 6. The method ofclaim 4, wherein the nucleic acid is operably linked to a greentissue-specific promoter.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleicacid encoding a CAH3 protein is of plant origin.
 8. A plant or partthereof including seeds obtained by the method of claim 1, or a progenyof said plant, wherein said plant or part thereof, or said progeny,comprises a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a CAH3 protein.
 9. Amethod for enhancing yield-related traits in a plant relative to acontrol plant, comprising increasing expression in a plant of a nucleicacid sequence encoding a Clavata1 (CLV1) polypeptide with anon-functional C-terminal domain, and optionally selecting for plantshaving enhanced yield-related traits.
 10. The method of claim 9, whereinthe increased expression is effected by introducing and expressing in aplant a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with anon-functional C-terminal domain.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein theenhanced yield-related trait is one or more of the following: (i)increased aboveground biomass; (ii) increased root biomass; (iii)increased thin root biomass; (iv) increased number of primary panicles;(v) increased number of flowers per panicle; (vi) increased total seedyield; (vii) increased number of filled seeds; (viii) increased totalnumber of seeds; and (ix) increased harvest index.
 12. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptidewith a non-functional C-terminal domain is operably linked to a promoterfor expression in young expanding tissues.
 13. The method of claim 9,wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with anon-functional C-terminal domain is of plant origin.
 14. A plant or partthereof including seeds obtained by the method of claim 9, or a progenyof said plant, wherein said plant or part thereof, or said progeny,comprises a nucleic acid transgene encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with anon-functional C-terminal.
 15. A construct comprising: (a) a nucleicacid encoding: (i) a CAH3 protein comprising any one or more of themotifs of SEQ ID NO: 203, SEQ ID NO: 204, and SEQ ID NO: 205; or (ii) aCLV1 polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminal domain; (b) one ormore control sequences capable of driving expression of the nucleic acidof (a); and optionally (c) a transcription termination sequence.
 16. Theconstruct of claim 15, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a CAH3 proteincomprising any one or more of the motifs of SEQ ID NO: 203, SEQ ID NO:204, and SEQ ID NO: 205, and wherein the one or more control sequencescomprise at least a green tissue-specific promoter.
 17. The construct ofclaim 15, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a CLV1 polypeptide with anon-functional C-terminal domain, and wherein the one or more controlsequences comprise at least a tissue-specific promoter.
 18. A plant,plant part or plant cell transformed with the construct of claim
 15. 19.A method for the production of a transgenic plant or part thereof havingenhanced yield-related traits relative to a control plant, comprising:(a) introducing and expressing in a plant or plant cell a nucleic acidencoding: (i) a CAH3 protein, wherein said CAH3 protein comprises anyone or more of the motifs of SEQ ID NO: 203, SEQ ID NO: 204, and SEQ IDNO: 205; or (ii) a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminaldomain, or a variant thereof; and (b) cultivating the plant or plantcell under conditions promoting plant growth and development.
 20. Atransgenic plant having increased yield relative to a control plantproduced by the method of claim 19, wherein said increased yield isresulted from increased expression of the nucleic acid, or a transgenicplant cell or progeny derived from said transgenic plant.
 21. Thetransgenic plant of claim 8, wherein the plant is a crop plant or amonocot or a cereal, or a transgenic plant cell or progeny derived fromsaid transgenic plant.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the enhancedyield-related trait is increased seed yield and/or increased abovegroundarea relative to control plants.
 23. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising obtaining a plant cell or progeny, wherein the plant cell orprogeny comprise the isolated nucleic acid.
 24. The method of claim 9,further comprising obtaining a plant cell or progeny, wherein the plantcell or progeny comprise the isolated nucleic acid.
 25. A method ofselecting a plant having increased seed yield or having an enhancedyield-related trait relative to control plants, comprising utilizing:(a) a nucleic acid encoding a CAH3 protein or a CAH3 protein; or (b) anucleic acid encoding a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functionalC-terminal domain or a CLV1 polypeptide with a non-functional C-terminaldomain, as a molecular marker.